Item is a view of the Powerhouse (building #1) and shed at Kodak Heights from an elevated perspective.

Item is a black and white mounted photograph featuring an aerial view showing the construction of Kodak Heights, which began in 1912.

Item is an aerial view of Kodak Heights factory that is mounted to board with a tracing paper overlay that has editing notes inscribed over various elements of the photograph.

File contains colour negatives featuring aerial views of Kodak Heights taken in 1993.

File contains colour negatives featuring aerial views of Kodak Heights.

Item is an aerial view of Kodak Canada Inc. Brampton, Ontario location.

Item is a colour print mounted to board featuring an aerial view of Kodak Canada Inc.'s Kodak Heights location.

Item is an aerial photograph of the Kodak Heights complex in Toronto, Ontario. Printed below the image is a dedication: "In Appreciation Of Your Contribution This Print is Made From The First Roll of Ekacolor Edge 5 Coated at KCI on March 25th, 1996". Ektacolor Edge 5 is a glossy colour photographic paper that was produced at the Kodak Heights factory.

Item is a historical aerial view of Kodak Canada Inc.'s Kodak Heights location taken in the 1920s.

Item is a historical aerial view of Kodak Canada Inc.'s Kodak Heights location taken in the 1920s.

File contains aerial views of Kodak Canada Inc.'s Kodak Heights location taken in 1987.

Item is an aerial view of Kodak Canada Inc.'s Kodak Heights location taken in 1967.

File contains three negatives featuring aeial views of Kodak Heights photographed in 1948.

File contains negatives featuring aerial views of Kodak Heights taken during 1946.

Item is a snapshot album produced by Canadian Kodak Co. Ltd. The album includes 34 leaves with paper corners to hold photographs. No photos are included.

Set of 5 Lantern Slides used for teaching purposes. Manufactured for the Ontario Government Picture Bureau.

Item is a hand painted, medium format lantern slide with 8 individual images

Items are printed slides depicting different places in Canada, as well as some of the country as a whole.

Item are No. 6 Eastman Lantern Slide Mats and dimensions in inches are printed on the outside of the brown envelope

File contains stereographs, depicting people working in the mining industry (miners, prospectors, mining camps and mines).

4 Stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
2 Stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood
3 Stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers, in association with James M. Davis
1 Stereoscopic photograph by John Anderson Publishing Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Forsyth & Wilson
2 Stereoscopic photographs by Littleton View Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Rose Stereographs
2 Stereoscopic photographs by Griffith & Griffith
2 Stereoscopic photographs by an unidentified publisher

File consists of stereographs depicting\people engaged in hunting, along with hunting camps and game animals.

9 Stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
2 Stereoscopic photographs by Strohmeyer & Wyman
8 Stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers, 9 in association with James M. Davis
1 Stereoscopic photograph by J. F. Jarvis
1 Stereoscopic photograph by C. Bierstadt
2 Stereoscopic photographs by Webster & Albee
1 Stereoscopic photograph by C. B. Brubaker
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Universal View Co.
3 Stereoscopic photographs by an unidentified publisher

File contains stereographs depicting people fishing and preparing fish using different methods.

5 Stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
2 Stereoscopic photographs by Canada View Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Kilburn Brothers, in association with James M. Davis
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Underwood & Underwood
1 Stereoscopic photograph by International Stereoscopic View Co.
5 Stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers

File consists of stereographs depicting natural occurrences and disasters such as sunsets, waterfalls, earthquakes, snow, rocks, and fires.

2 Stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
2 Stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood
5 Stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers, 2 in association with James M. Davis
2 Stereoscopic photographs by Strohmeyer & Wyman
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Littleton View Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by G. Keller
1 Stereoscopic photograph by H. C. White Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph Union View Co.
13 Stereoscopic photographs by W. S. Smith
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Universal View Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by W. S. Smith
38 Stereoscopic photographs by Unidentified publishers

File consists of stereographs depicting scenes with racist, abusive or otherwise problematic themes, such as racial caricatures, violence towards children and animals, and misogyny.

3 Stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
3 Stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood
5 Stereoscopic photographs by J. F. Jarvis
6 Stereoscopic photographs by Strohmeyer & Wyman
3 Stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers, in association with James M. Davis
1 Stereoscopic photograph by W. Notman & Co.
2 Stereoscopic photographs by Universal Photo Art Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Arcade View Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by F. G. Weller
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Jas. Esson
3 Stereoscopic photographs by T. W. Ingersoll
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Griffith & Griffith
4 Stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers

File consists of 3 stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers, depicting scenery in Poland.

File consists of stereographs depicting scenes from the Klondike, such as landscapes and mining camps.

2 stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
3 stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood
1 stereoscopic photograph by Universal View Co
9 stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers, in association with James M. Davis
1 stereoscopic photograph by Griffith & Griffith
1 stereoscopic photograph by T. W. Ingersoll
1 stereoscopic photograph by A. C. Co.
7 stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers

File consists of stereographs and stereographic sets depicting scenes, famous location,s and structures from South America, such as theaters, docks, and cities.

8 stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Underwood & Underwood
1 stereoscopic photograph by H. C. White Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by an unidentified publisher
1 set of 15 stereoscopic photographs by Whiting View Co.

File consists of stereographs depicting scenes, famous locations, and structures from the Niagara Region (both American and Canadian sides), such as the falls, bridges, and gardens.

8 Stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
12 Stereoscopic photographs by Griffith & Griffith
12 Stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood
9 Stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers, 14 in association with James M. Davis
34 Stereoscopic photographs by C. Bierstadt
85 Stereoscopic photographs by Geo. Barker
5 Stereoscopic photographs by J. H. Ford
3 Stereoscopic photographs by H. C. White Co.
19 Stereoscopic photographs by Geo. E. Curtis
3 Stereoscopic photographs by Whiting View Co.
8 Stereoscopic photographs by International Stereoscopic View Co.
4 Stereoscopic photographs by F. A. Williams
5 Stereoscopic photographs by Samuel Mason
11 Stereoscopic photographs by S. Davis
4 Stereoscopic photographs by Robinson
3 Stereoscopic photographs by Universal View Co.
3 Stereoscopic photographs by London Stereoscopic Co.
2 Stereoscopic photographs by Greater New York Stereo Co.
2 Stereoscopic photographs by O. W. Kimball & Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by J. M. Fernald
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Chandler & Estes
1 Stereoscopic photograph by A. R. Miller
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Frank Rowell
1 Stereoscopic photograph by H. A. Porter
1 Stereoscopic photograph by John P. Soule
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Notman
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Canadian Stereoscopic View Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Pett's
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Bool's
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Dominion Photograph Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Union View Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Northwestern View Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Alfred S. Campbell
1 Stereoscopic photograph by T. W. Ingersoll
1 Stereoscopic photograph by G. W. Woodward
1 Stereoscopic photograph by G. H. Nickerson
1 Stereoscopic photograph by W. H. Illingworth
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Ackermann Bro's
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Webster & Albee
2 Stereoscopic photographs by J. W. Love
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Purviance Photo
1 Stereoscopic photograph by W. McLeish
2 Stereoscopic photographs by R. R. Whiting
96 Stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers

File consists of stereographs depicting scenes, landmarks, and structures from Canada, such as plants, waterfalls, mountains, and cityscapes.

84 Stereoscopic Photographs by Keystone View Co.
30 Stereoscopic Photographs by Strohmeyer & Wyman
76 Stereoscopic Photographs by Underwood & Underwood
41 Stereoscopic Photographs by J.G. Parks
25 Stereoscopic Photographs by The Canada View Co.
34 Stereoscopic Photographs by Kilburn Brothers, 62 in association with James M. Davis
10 Stereoscopic Photographs by Griffith & Griffith
8 Stereoscopic Photographs by Canadian Stereoscopic View Co.
6 Stereoscopic Photographs by W. B. Sherk
9 Stereoscopic Photographs by Jas. Esson
14 Stereoscopic Photographs by L. B. Taylor
15 Stereoscopic Photographs by L. P. Vallee
12 Stereoscopic Photographs by J. H. Ford
5 Stereoscopic Photographs by Webster & Albee
6 Stereoscopic Photographs by G. B. Sproule & Co.
2 Stereoscopic Photographs by E. W. Kelley
3 Stereoscopic Photographs by C. Bierstadt
2 Stereoscopic Photographs by Alfred S. Campbell
5 Stereoscopic Photographs by R. I. Seddons
18 Stereoscopic Photographs by W. Notman
4 Stereoscopic Photographs by J. Hampden Field
4 Stereoscopic Photographs by T. Eaton Co.
6 Stereoscopic Photographs by The Torley Studio
5 Stereoscopic Photographs by H. C. White Co.
3 Stereoscopic Photographs by Nerlich & Co.
2 Stereoscopic Photographs by J. McClure & Co.
6 Stereoscopic Photographs by Ellison & Co.
2 Stereoscopic Photographs by F. E. Grafton
4 Stereoscopic Photographs by F. J. Haynes
3 Stereoscopic Photographs by T. W. Ingersoll
3 Stereoscopic Photographs by John Saunders Climo
2 Stereoscopic Photographs by Universal View Co.
2 Stereoscopic Photographs by E. & H. T. Anthony & Co.
2 Stereoscopic Photographs by American Stereoscopic Co.
2 Stereoscopic Photographs by O. B. Buell
3 Stereoscopic Photographs by Ewing & Co.
4 Stereoscopic Photographs by J. R. Woodburn
2 Stereoscopic Photographs by J. Robinson
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by A. C. McIntyre
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by S. R. Proctor
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by G. F. Sproule
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by L. E. Desmarais
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Ackermann Bro's
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by C. R. Chisholm & Bros.
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Realistic Travelers
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by London Stereoscopic Co.
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by W. E. Hendrie
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by J. H. Noverre
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Whiting View Co.
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Dominion Stereoscopic Co.
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by C. G. Cobban & Co.
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Woodward Stereoscopic Co.
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by H. A. Kimball
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Talbot & Co.
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Liberty Brand-Stereo Views
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by H. E. R.
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Alex. Henderson
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Hugh McCorkindale
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Canadian Promotion Co.
Approx. 250 Stereoscopic Photographs by unidentified publishers
1 series of 10 Stereoscopic Photographs by John R. Steffen
2 series by Underwood & Underwood(Series #2 &3)

1 photo album, with a tan/gold cover. Images focus on people/families, nature and locations

1 photo album, with a green cover. Stereocards depict people suffering from ailments, often medical, and attempts to heal them ie. pulling a tooth, boredom, a sore foot

Section I, II, & III
Contains stereograph x-rays of the alimentary or digestive tract and reveals common issues

List contains a record of all the titles of the stereocards in the "600 set." Contains images from all over the world. Comes with an identifying note.

List records the identifying numbers of stereograph cards, the subject and then their location. 1 page is single sided and the second is double sided.

Item consists of 1 albumen print, photographed by Francis Bedford for Warwickshire Illustrated. Print #137 depicts Leicester's Buildings from the moat, partially obscured by trees and vines, with a man looking up at them in the foreground.

Item is a handheld plastic view master containing a reel of 7 diametrical, 16 mm colour transparencies of Old Covered Bridges, New England. It was manufactured by GAF, Corporation in Portland, Oregon, USA. The lever on the side of the viewer will rotate the reel one frame at a time once pressed. Item is made of plastic and metal. Reels are interchangeable and come with a variety of themes.

Item is a mahogany table top viewer adorned with doric style pillars. Item has two binocular style viewers on opposing ends. The optical rear eyepiece allows for back to back slide mountings. Inside the object is a revolving metal belt that can be turned by the circular handle on the outside of the viewer. The revolving belt can hold a minimum of 30 stereographs. Within the viewer are 10 stereographs made of glass, tissue and paper with themes ranging from landmarks, landscapes, portraits, and interior decor. Written on item: Alex Beckers New York Patent April 7 1857; March 1 & 29 1859; April 12 1859; Dec. 12 1859.

Item is a wooden tabletop stereoscope with binocular viewer made with 50 built in glass stereographs of landscapes from Quebec and Montreal, factories and vernacular photography. Top of the stereoscope can open for additional light. Inside the object is a revolving metal belt (patented by Alexander Beckers) holding the stereographs that can be turned by the circular handles on the outside of the viewer.

Written on object: 76/Unis-France Stereoscopes Mattey-Paris/3.

This file contains photographs. Included are two copies of a posed colour photograph of the members of Ryerson`s Board of Governors from the 1970s.

This file contains 16 photographs of Ian Kennedy, Chairman of the Board of Governors.

Ten black and white photographs taken during the 1968 BOG election. These photographs document the first time students were permitted to elect two representatives to sit on the Board. The first two members were Richard Finlay and Gord Jackson.The photographs, filed in a binder, were removed from the binder and their plastic sleeves, then placed inside an acid-free file folder.

File contains photographs and negatives of James Peters.

File contains photographs related to the Architecture program. Included are classroom scenes, and awards night.

File contains portraits and classroom scenes featuring faculty members of the Architecture department. Included are images of P. Popovich, Marvin Tameanko, Doug McCrae, and Chuck Worsley.

File contains photographs of Civil Technology students.

Box of photographs and other Athletics and Recreation materials were given to the Archives in 2012. The photographs, in negative, print, and slide format, include games, teams, staff, facilities and awards nights. There are no dates on the majority of the the photos, but judging by the type of photographs and the uniforms - they were taken between 1990 and 2010.

Team portraits of Ryerson's varsity/Interuniversity sports teams including swimming, fencing, hockey, volleyball, basketball, squash, badminton, and soccer.

Team photographs of Ryerson's Interuniversity teams. Included are portraits of the Women's badminton team, Men's badminton team, Women's basketball team, Men's basketball team, Fencing team, Women's soccer team, Men's soccer team, Women's squash team, Men's squash team, Swim team, Women's volleyball, and Men's volleyball team.

Files containing photographs taken at various Ryerson Ram's women's basketball games. None of the photographs are dated. Opposing teams include Bishop's, Concordia, Carleton, British Columbia, University of Toronto, Ottawa, York, Windsor, Guelph, Laurentian, Victoria, and McGill.

File contains photographs from a game held in the Kerr Hall gymnasium - Ryerson Rams women's basketball team vs Laurentian University Voyageurs.

File contains prints of two games featuring the Ryerson Rams women's basketball team against the Carleton University Ravens. Both games took place in the Kerr Hall gym. File also contains negatives. Unclear as to whether or not they coincide with the prints or are of another game(s) entirely.

File contains miscellaneous photographs of members of the Ryerson Rams women's basketball team on the court during a game and warming up. Included is a photograph of a basketball game held in the Kerr Hall Gym - Western University vs Windsor University.

File contains photographs from two games held in the Kerr Hall gymnasium - Ryerson Rams men's basketball team vs Laurentian University Voyageurs.

Two copies of the same small graduate portraits mounted as composites.

The items consists of small portraits mounted as a composite.

Graduation composite for the Electrical Technology class of 1961.

The item consists of small portraits mounted as a composite.

File consists of class lists and class photographs.

This file contains photographic materials.

Binder of slides (mostly) from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. Topics include varsity sports, intramural teams, clubs, recreation, general items and events. Sub-series have been divided into files by topic.

File contains intramural team and match/game photographs from around 2001. Included are flag football, co-ed volleyball, co-ed basketball, and hockey.

File contains photographs from the Ryerson Rams men's basketball team vs York University. Game took place in the Kerr Hall gymnasium.

File contains photographs from two [?] different games held in the Kerr Hall gymnasium - Ryerson Rams men's basketball team vs The Brock Badgers.

File contains photographic slides taken around campus. Included are aerial campus photos, Kerr Hall and the Quad, Victoria Lane - including the Podium and Library buildings, Lake Devo, Rogers Communication Centre, O'Keefe House, Pitman Hall, Student Campus Centre, the Normal School facade, and Yonge-Dundas re-development. Also include are photographs of flowers around campus and the Bird of Spring sculpture. A number of the photographs were taken during the winter.

This file contains 4 photographs ; clipping from Ryerson Magazine.

Series contains photographs taken by Ryerson's staff photographers of various events, and for brochures, and other promotional materials.

Duplicated in collection record RG 422.25.

Item is a wooden tabletop revolving stereoscope. Handles on sides of the object turn a internal central axle built to rotate stereographs. Stereograph slots come with a clip that holds two stereographs back to back. Double viewer is hooded to control additional light and moves to adjust view.

This item is a grey and red metal personal viewer with a built in light source to illuminate backs of colour transparencies. Viewer can be adjusted by either knob on the sides or top. The push leaver on the side rotates the images within the reel.

This item is a revolving stereoscope in the shape of an orb. Item comes in a circle wooden case, two knobs that switch stereographs and a metal belt designed to hold stereographs. Wooden viewer is adjustable to user's vision. This item was intended to be a parlour ornament and contains 122 stereographs of landscapes, portraits and landmarks all sized 8 by 12 inches. Inside cover is a label explaining how to use this stereoscope from manufacturer.

This item is a handheld stereoscope with binocular lenses made from wood and brass. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. First, the stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder, next the two images would merge together to mimic a three-dimensional photograph. Object comes with one 35 mm black and white film transparency of doctors and nurses assisting injured people off a Red Cross train at a train station.

This item is a handheld stereoscope made of wood and plastic. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the card holder, next binocular like lenses would be adjusted with a knob to fit the user's vision. This merges the two images together mimic a three-dimensional effect. A flap hood on the top of viewer is designed to allow light to illuminate stereograph. The hood comes with a mirror. Object comes with one glass plate stereograph of men and women in Victorian clothing sightseeing at a waterfall edge.

This item is a promotional stereoscopic kit given out by Chevrolet General Motors photography to display interiors and exteriors of their new car line. Each image is titled with the car name. The 3D viewer is black and made from metal and plastic. The viewer comes with a built-in light that requires C batteries. Stereoscopic cards are placed through the slot in the bottom of the stereoscope, next the image would be viewed through the viewer. Lens can be adjusted by the metal knobs on the side to correct vision. A push-down button on the body of the viewer turns on a small internal light bulb which brightens the stereoscopic transparencies. This makes the image easier to see. Box of kit is made from cardboard and leather with snap buttons to open and close. Slots within the box divide and house viewer and stereographs.

Item is a brown binocular style plastic stereoscopic viewer accompanied by a colour transparency card depicting Llamas from South America. The 3D viewer was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the card holder then viewed through the lens. The binocular effect would cause the two images to overlap and mimic a three-dimensional effect. Written on the card is are llama facts. This card is apart of a Zoo themed series.

Item is a beige plastic Model G View-Master manufactured by Sawyer's Inc. the 3D viewer includes original packaging, a GAF View-Master Stereo Viewer box nearly identical to the Sawyer's version of the viewer. The lever on the side of the viewer will rotate the reel one frame at a time once pressed. First, reels are inserted through the top of the viewer. Next, user would look through binocular eye holes to see a three dimensional image. View-Master can be used with ambient light. This item comes with a promotional reel depicting different reel themes available for purchase through Sawyer's Inc. Reel is made of 7 diametrical, 16 mm colour transparencies. In the mid-1960's Sawyer's was acquired as a subsidiary by GAF. This may explain why the packaging and object were nearly identical but branded differently.

Item is a over/under print viewer manufactured by Viewmagic to view physical or digital born images as three-dimensional objects. The 3D viewer converts 4 x 6 inch prints, which is a not a suitable format size for stereoscopes, into functioning stereographic images. Prisms in the item direct right eye vision upwards and left eye vision down. By swaying forward and back the two images begin to fuse together to mimic a three-dimensional image. Item comes in original unopned package and instruction manuals. Written on object : View Magic Dimension Press Harvard. MA 10451-0083 Made in U.S.A.

Item is a hand-held, Holmes style stereoscope, manufactured by Underwood & Underwood, New York. Viewer is aluminum with wooden base. Patent stamp, June 11, 1901.

This file contains 31 photographs; and a letter.

5cm of black and white photographs taken by Journalism students for publication in the campus newspaper, THE EYEOPENER, during the 1988-1989 academic year.

This file contains 4 photographic prints.

Series contains 9 cm of b&w and colour photographs, contact sheets, and negatives maintained and used by the Office of Development, Alumni and Community Relations. Many of these photographs were used for reproduction in the 'Rambler' during the years 1968-1988. The series is divided into the following files:

RG 151.05.01: Carnival Week Parade, 1975
RG 151.05.02: Edmonton Receptions For Alumni, 1981-1985
RG 151.05.03: Graduates, 1974-1984
RG 151.05.04: Homecoming, c1977-1984
RG 151.05.05: Miscellaneous, c1968-1997
RG 151.05.06: Telemail Campaign, 1988
RG 151 05.07: Eggy, c1968-1987

1.59 m of various sized black and white photographs maintained by the Information Services Department prior to their incorporation with Community Relations. The photographs were used for the publications FORUM and THE ANNUAL REPORT during the period 1976 to 1986. The photographers were Jerry Davey, Journalism Department, Chris Bell and possibly Garbis of the Media Centre.

This file contains 1 group photograph of first Kerr Hall Residence Council.

File contains a colour photograph of President Lajeunesse and Ryerson Alumni after his speech to the Board of Trade, Young Professionals dinner.

Photographs are scanned from existing images in the Archives collections. Original images can be found in :

• RG 76.10
• RG 76.14.1067
• RG 76.14.1074
• RG 76.14.1081
• Howard Kerr Hall documentation file number 1

This file contains negatives.

This file contains 107 photographs.

The over-sized images were created from existing negatives or prints for a display showing the period of late Re-establishment Institute and early Ryerson Hall.

A collection of miscellaneous 4 x 6 colour prints. Some photos have been identified while others have been assigned a temporary subject until further information is available to confirm the event or individuals capturedin these photograhs.
RG 10.60.1: Christmas Parties, c1983-1993
RG 10.60.2: Dr. Donald & Elizabeth Barr/Olive Baker Reitrement Reception, 1989
RG 10.60.3: Staff, n.d.
RG 10.60.4: Counselling - 25th Anniversary Reception, c1990
RG 10.60.5: Orientation Event, n.d.
RG 10.60.6: Student (Volunteers) Christmas Party, 1993
RG 10.60.7: Miscellaneous, n.d.