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Description archivistique
Bass Stereoscopic Photography Collection
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Sawyer's View-Master stereo viewer (model G)

Item is a beige plastic Model G View-Master manufactured by Sawyer's Inc. The lever on the side of the viewer will rotate the reel one frame at a time once pressed. First, reels are inserted through the top of the viewer. Next, user would look through binocular eye holes to see a three-dimensional image. The 3D viewer can be used with ambient light. This item comes with a GAF reel of 7 diametrical, 16 mm colour transparencies depicting a scene from A.B.C. show S.W.A.T. In the mid-1960's Sawyer's was acquired as a subsidiary by GAF. Written on the object: made in U.S.A. GAF Corporation Portland, Oregon T.M. Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.-Marca Reg.- Marque Deposee Belgium Pat. 493.128.

Lestrade stereoscopic 3D viewer

Item is a white plastic stereoscopic viewer manufactured by Lestrade in France. Body of the 3D viewer is held together by rivets with a metal advance lever between the lenses. Item used stereo cards cards with transparencies. Cards are inserted through the top of the viewer. Next, user would look through binocular eye holes to see a three dimensional image. Viewer can be used with ambient light. Item comes in original box and with original 1970 catalogue listing all the stereo cards, attachments and other stereoscopic product available through Lestrade.

Sawyer's View Master 3D viewer (Model C)

Item is a handheld plastic black Model C View-Master 3D viewer manufactured by Sawyer's Inc. from the mid-1940's to mid-1950's. This model was the first of its kind to have a slot for reels to be placed in for viewing. The metal lever on the side of the viewer will rotate the reel one frame at a time once pressed. First, reels are inserted through the top of the viewer. Next, user would look through binocular eye holes to see a three dimensional image. View-Master can be used with ambient light. The light attachment bulb came as a later edition for the View-Master Model C. Attachment was screwed onto viewer with push down red button that switches bulb on and off. Item also comes with 1 reel of 7 diametrical, 16 mm black and white transparencies of World War 2 battle scenes.

Written on object : Sawyer's View-Master Reg.US.PAT.OFF. U.S. Pat. 2189.285. Can.PAT.406893 Brit.PAT.538492 Other PAT. PEND. Made in U.S.A. Portland-ORE.

3D stereobox stereoscopic viewer

Item is a green plastic view master with original box packaging. Three-dimensional colour transparency reel depicts frontier puppets. Reels are interchangeable. Reels are inserted into the top of the view master and switched by the plastic push down lever on the side.

Stereo Realist Viewer

Item is made of black bakelite with red buttons and knobs. It has double element glass (achromat) lenses, interocular adjustment, and a dial for focus. It takes the Realist format slide (slide outside dimensions 1-5/8 x 4 inches) and has a slit to put these slides in.

View-Master Stereoscope with stereo reels

Item consists of a View-Master Stereoscope manufactured by Sawyers Inc., with 18 reels, and a View-Master Reel List catalogue of available View-Master reels, dated September, 1951.

Sawyers first introduced the Stereoscope at the New York World Fair (1939-1940). The 3D viewer is made of plastic and metal. Reel shows 7 diametrical, 16 mm kodachrome transparencies of famous global landmarks, characters from popular culture, major events etc. The push-down lever on the side of the viewer will rotate the reel one frame at a time. Reels are interchangeable and come with a variety of themes often ordered through a View-Master catalogue.

Reels included are as follows:

111 Redwood Highway 1 California USA
186 Palm Springs California USA
188 Santa Barbara California USA
189 San Juan Capistrano Mission California USA
219 Holywood California USA
221 Los Angeles California USA
222 Tournament of Roses Pasadena California, USA
220 Homes of Movie Stars Hollywood California USA
289 Desert Cactus in Bloom
405-407 The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (3 reels, with story booklet)
710 Firefighters in Action (with story booklet)
800 Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd the Hunter
810 Tom and Jerry in the Cat Trapper
945 Roy Rogers King of the Cowboys & "Trigger"
950 Gene Autrey and His Wonder Horse "Champion"
960 Cisco Kid (Duncan Renaldo) and Pancho (Leo Carrillo)
Sam 1 - Adventure of Sam Sawyer: Sam Flies to the Moon (with story booklet)

Stereoscopic Cameras

Series consists of 17 cameras designed to take identical images of the same subject from two lenses, approximately 2.5 inches apart or the same distance between human eyes. Cameras are able to make stereo pairs or single images. Cameras in this series range between ca.1850 and ca.1996.

The stereoscope was invented by Charles Wheatstone in 1838 to demonstrate binocular vision and its role in depth perception. Wheatstone used a pair of drawings to show how each eye could see a slight difference in each image, until the single images are superimposed onto each other through a stereoscope, revealing a three-dimensional effect. With the later establishment of photography, creation of Sir David Brewster's portable stereoscope in 1894 and the introduction of the wet-plate collodion process in 1851, did the stereoscopic industry rise to popularity.

Prior to the development of stereo-cameras, a single camera was used to produce either two daguerreotypes or calotypes in succession. The camera would be moved a few inches to one side between exposures in an attempt to produce pictures that looked identical or what was seen by the two eyes. However, this method was based off trial and error, as the quality of the three-dimensional effect might have been compromised by inadequate distance between exposures or alteration of camera angle, subject, and lighting conditions.

The two basic camera types designed to produce stereoscopic pairs are the single-lensed and double-lensed cameras. The double-lensed or binocular cameras allowed photographers to make simultaneous exposures for more accurate stereo photographs. The increasing demand for stereo imagery called for more portable cameras. Field cameras that folded to a compact size enabled photographers to leave the studio and produce stereos outdoors or previously inaccessible places. Later camera designs would have a standard format of 23x 24 mm with a focal length of 35mm and faster shutter speeds.

3D binocular viewfinder camera (Coronet)

Item is a plastic stereo camera typically found through mail order catalogues. For 4.5 x 5 cm exposures on 127 mm roll film. Shutter speed 1/50. Twin f11 menscus fixed focal lenses. Lens are labelled as 1 and 2. Written on item: Bioncular viewfinder patents applied for, coronet 3-D, present use 127 film, to take 8 picture close cover blase over No.1 lens make exposures on every number from 1 to 8, to take 4 pairs stereo picture open cover blase over no.1 lens. make exposures only on odd numbers (1, 3, 5 and 7), use no. 127 roll film.

3D single use camera (ImageTech)

Item is a single-use 3D camera with original film and box. Camera comes with shutter release, view finder, triple lens, exposure counter and film advance thumbwheel. Item uses high resolution colour film. Prints are processed at manufacturer then sent back to user, as a result the camera comes with self-addressed envelope to the ImageTech processing centre.

Nimslo 3D 35mm camera (Nimslo)

Item is a three-dimensional 35 mm camera made by Nimslo. Item produces 3-dimensional colour pictures with 100 or 400 ASA speeds, is fully automatic, compact and lightweight, comes with four pre-focused glass lenses, additional flash, and all original instructions. Item comes in original box with 5 film strip negatives rejected from Nimslo printing centre. Film strips would be sent by users to the Nimslo printing centre where Nimslo would complete the printing process. Written on box : Product and/or photographic process covered by one or more of U.S. patents No. 3960563, No. 4037950, No. 4086585, No. D264343, Other Patents Pending.

Stereo brownie (No.2)

Item is a Stereo Brownie camera manufactured by Kodak with a retractable front. Item is automatic with a push down button that unlatches the front cover revealing the camera. This object was designed to take two nearly identical pairs of images often referred to as stereographs. Written on object : patents pending, made by Eastman Kodak Co. Rochester, N.Y, U.S.A.

Stereographs, by subject

Series contains a wide range of stereoscopic photographs, often referred to as stereocards or stereographs. Depictions include a variety of people, places, and objects. In cases where items are part of a series, attempts have been made to arrange them together. Subject terms have been used to indicate contextual relationships.

Stereographs, Leisure

File contains a group of stereographs that depict scenes of people engaged in leisure and sporting events (swimming, bullfighting, circus).

5 Stereoscopic Photographs by Strohmeyer & Wyman
8 Stereoscopic Photographs by Underwood & Underwood
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by J. F. Jarvis
6 Stereoscopic Photographs by Keystone View Co.
2 Stereoscopic Photographs by Kilburn Brothers
5 Stereoscopic Photographs by H. C. White Co.
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Carlyle
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by T. Eaton Co.
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by F. F. Doherty
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Ingersoll View Co.
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by John A. Larrabee
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by Liberty Brand-Stereo Views
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by S. F. Adams
1 Stereoscopic photograph by W. Tylar
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Young People's Missionary Movement
26 Stereoscopic Photographs by unidentified publishers

Stereographs, General Recurring Events

File consists of stereographs depicting general events and reoccurring holidays such as Christmas, New Year's Thanksgiving, and Centennial Celebrations.

10 Stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
7 Stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers, in association with James M. Davis
5 Stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood
3 Stereoscopic photographs by Strohmeyer & Wyman
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Whiting View Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Littleton View Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Griffith & Griffith
1 Stereoscopic photograph by H. C. White Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Geo. Barker
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Dominion Stereoscopic Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by Chas. Pollock
1 Stereoscopic photograph by F. G. Weller
5 Stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers

Stereographs, Controversial Series

File consists of stereographs depicting themes that are racist, violent, or otherwise problematic, such as animal abuse, violence against children, and racial caricatures.

10 Stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood
6 Stereoscopic photographs by Littleton View Co
3 Stereoscopic photographs by Strohmeyer & Wyman
6 Stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers

Stereographs, Italy/Vatican City

File consists of stereographs and stereographic sets depicting various locations, buildings, and monuments in Italy and Vatican City.

22 stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood.
15 stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
6 stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers; 10 stereoscopic photographs in association with James M. Davis.
3 stereoscopic photographs by Universal View Co.
8 stereoscopic photographs by J.F. Jarvis Publishers.
2 stereoscopic photographs by Geo. W. Griffith.
2 stereoscopic photographs by Strohmeyer & Wyman Publishers.
1 stereoscopic photograph by L. Suscipj.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Perrin & Griswold.
3 stereoscopic photograph by Giorgio Sommer.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Giorgio Conrad.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Giovanni Brampton Philpot.
1 stereoscopic photograph by M.J. Morse.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Naya.
2 stereoscopic photograph by H. C. White Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Littleton View Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by C.P. Venizia.
1 stereoscopic photograph by E. Nesemann.
1 stereoscopic photograph by The Fine Art Photographer's Publishing Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Giacomo Brogi.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Fratelli Alinari.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Felice Crespi.
1 stereoscopic photograph by The London Stereoscopic Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Maccilo.
57 stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers
1 series of stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood on Italy(Series #1)
1 series of stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood on Rome(Series #2)

Stereographs, Egypt

File consists of stereographs depicting various locations, buildings, and monuments in Egypt, such as Pyramids, and Ships.

15 stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
2 stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers; 5 stereoscopic photographs in association with James M. Davis.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Benjn Pike Jr.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Universal View Co.
2 stereoscopic photographs by W. Hammersmith
6 stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood.
3 stereoscopic photographs by J. F. Jarvis Publishers.
2 stereoscopic photographs by Strohmeyer & Wyman.
1 stereoscopic photograph by The Fine Art Photographers' Publishing Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Frank M. Good.
10 stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers

Stereographs, Palestine &Israel

File consists of stereographs and stereoscopic sets depicting various locations, buildings and monuments in Palestine and Israel, such as scenery, and buildings.

36 stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood.
17 stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
16 stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers in association with James M. Davis
4 stereoscopic photographs by F. J. Jarvis.
4 stereoscopic photographs by Strohmeyer & Wyman
2 stereoscopic photographs by C. Bierstadt.
2 stereoscopic photographs by Universal View Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by W. J. Wilcox
1 stereoscopic photograph by Universal Photo Art Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Webster & Albee
1 stereoscopic photograph by H. C. White Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by L. D. & Co.
2 stereoscopic photographs by T. W. Ingersoll
20 stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers
3 series by Underwood & Underwood
1 series by Stereo-Travel Co.

Stereographs, Arctic, Antarctica & Greenland

File consists of stereographs depicting scenery and scenes from the Arctic, Antarctica, and Greenland, such as hunting, snow, and ice.

6 stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by the American Stereoscopic Company
1 stereoscopic photograph by Underwood & Underwood

Stereographs, Russia

File consists of stereographs depicting various locations, buildings, and monuments in Russia, such as fountains, mountains, monuments, and the Peterhof Palace.

9 stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
9 stereoscopic photographs by J.F. Jarvis
2 stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood
2 stereoscopic photographs by H.C. White Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Kilburn Brothers, in association with James M. Davis
6 stereoscopic photographs by an unidentified publisher
1 series called "Japan and Russian Views" by an unidentified publisher

Stereographs, Caribbean Islands (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, & Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

File consists of stereographs depicting scenes, famous locations, and structures from islands in the Carribean, such as castles, plantations, gardens, lakes, and floods.

3 stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood
4 stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Strohmeyer & Wyman
1 stereoscopic photograph by Universal View Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by Quaker Oats Co.
2 stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers

Stereographs, Monaco

File consists of stereographs depicting scenes, famous locations, and structures in Monaco, such as cityscapes, castles, and casinos.

1 stereoscopic photograph by Keystone View Company
5 stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers, in association with James M. Davis
2 stereoscopic photographs by Universal View Co.
1 stereoscopic photograph by J.F. Jarvis
1 stereoscopic photograph by L. L.
1 stereoscopic photograph by T. W. Ingersoll
3 stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers

Stereographs, Unidentified Locations

File consists of stereographs, depicting scenes, famous locations, and structures from unidentified locations.

10 Stereoscopic Photographs by Robinson
3 Stereoscopic Photographs by W. Notman
2 Stereoscopic Photographs by Webster & Albee
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by W. Kilburn
1 Stereoscopic Photograph by R. O. P.
58 Stereoscopic Photographs by Unidentified Publishers

Stereographs, large sets

File consists of narrative series' of stereographs that depicting story-lines through tableau. Most stories are comedic, heart-warming, or sarcastic in nature, often focused on domestic topics. Many popular series were either recreated or sold, reprinted, and marketed by different companies. Some of the photographic series in the file are incomplete.

Stories include:

Wedding series:
23 stereographs, B.W. Kilburn (James M. Davis Publishers), n.d.
9 stereographs, The 'Perfec' Stereograph (H.C. White), 1902
24 stereographs, Underwood and Underwood, 1903
12 stereographs, Universal View Company (William H. Raw), 1903
7 stereographs, no publisher (reproductions), n.d.
12 stereographs, no publisher (bound reproductions), n.d.
25 stereographs, no publisher (hand-coloured, boxed reproductions), n.d.

The New Cook Series:
21 stereographs, Griffith & Griffith, 1901
6 stereographs, International View Co. (copyright C. L. Wasson). 1901
10 stereographs, Keystone View Company, n.d.
1 stereograph, Sterro Photo Co.,
16 stereographs, Underwood & Underwood, 1900
2 stereographs, Universal View Company (William H. Raw), 1902
15 stereographs, no publisher (hand-coloured reproductions), n.d.

French maid Series:
12 stereographs, American Stereoscopic Co., 1903
2 stereographs Keystone View Co., n.d.
12 stereographs, The "Perfec" Stereograph (H.C. White), 1902

The New Secretary:
5 stereographs, Keystone View Co., n.d.
12 stereographs, Underwood & Underwood, 1899

How Biddy Served the Tomatoes:
1 stereograph, Griffith & Griffith, 1900
3 stereographs, Keystone View Co. (B. L. Singley), 1900
4 stereographs, B.W. Kilburn, n.d.
3 stereographs, Underwood & Underwood (Strohmeyer & Wyman), 1897
1 stereograph, Universal Photo Arts Co. (C.H. Graves), 1897

A Sodier's Return series:
11 stereographs, Underwod & Underwood, 1900

The "New Woman" series:
2 stereographs, B.W. Kilburn (James M. David), 1897
2 stereographs, Keystone View Company, 1899
2 stereographs, Underwood & Underwood (Strohmeyer & Wyman), 1897
1 stereograph, American Photo Company, n.d.
1 stereograph, International Stereoscopic View Co., n.d.
1 stereograph, Universal Photo Arts Co. (C.H. Graves), 1900
1 stereograph, Webster & Albee, n.d.
1 stereograph, The Whiting View Company, n.d.
4 stereographs, no publisher, n.d.

The First Balkan War
22 stereographs, J. Hollinger (reproductions), n.d.

Stereographs, short and incomplete sets

File consists of narrative series' of stereographs that depicting story-lines through tableau. Most stories are comedic, heart-warming, or sarcastic in nature, often focused on domestic topics. Many popular series were either recreated or sold, reprinted and marketed by different companies. Some of the photographic series in the file are incomplete.

The series that are included are:

31 Stereoscopic photographs by Keystone View Co.
-Pickwick series
-Before and after marriage
-No place like home
-Stealing Apples
-Lovers
-Wedding presents
-Character sketches (Lovers)
-Reuban & Samantha (country folk)
-Dear Jack, it's awfully slow here

14 Stereoscopic photographs by Universal Photo Art Co.
-Reuben calls on his city cousins
-Milk maid
-Policeman on his regular beat
-Man under bed

7 Stereoscopic photographs by W. B. Sherk

11 Stereoscopic photographs by Universal View Co.
-Home late
-Dueling women
-A good story
-The barbershop
-Maid

27 Stereoscopic photographs by Perfec Stereograph (H. C. White Co.)
-Mr. Slight and Miss Hevywayt
-Harmony of married life
-Pesky mother-in-law
-Catching sister in the act
-Ladies dorm room
-Freshman

2 Stereoscopic photographs by Melander
-A good place to paint a face

2 Stereoscopic photographs by F. G. Weller
-Just before/after the battle
-An electric hobby/An effectual remedy

2 Stereoscopic photographs by Roberts & Fellows
-Mr. Jones, remove your hat

2 Stereoscopic photographs by International View Co.
-Maiden's fair try donkey riding

39 Stereoscopic photographs by Underwood & Underwood
-Married mans trouble
-Eavesdroppers
-Mickie O'Hoolihan's wake
-two are company
-Shoulder arts
-This is a fine make up for the masquerade
-Greatness
-Won't you come and sit on my lap?
-Misteltoe
-Floor walker by day and night
-The Hallowe'en party
-Art
-The five senses
-Have you "Kissed me by mood light" Sir?
-Tricks in the old country school
-The amateur's first attempt
-Pickwick
-Why doesn't he go
-His unhappy predicament

4 Stereoscopic photographs by Kilburn Brothers, 11 in association with James M. Davis
-Why don't you get up and help me
-Love and jealousy
-Fire! Fire!
-Tooth pulling
-Miss Milliner
-How dare you betray my confidence
-They are sound asleep

2 Stereoscopic photographs by Berry, Kelley & Chadwick,
-Planning for the future

4 separately by E. W. Kelley
-The only man

10 Stereoscopic photographs by Littleton View Co.
7 Stereoscopic photographs by Strohmeyer & Wyman
5 Stereoscopic photographs by James A. Hurst
5 Stereoscopic photographs by Webster & Albee
-Maid
-[Caught in the act]

2 Stereoscopic photographs by American Stereoscopic Co.
1 Stereoscopic photograph by J. P. Soule
10 Stereoscopic photographs by Herman Knutzen
-[Chellist]
-The industrious painter and the idle apprentice

30 Stereoscopic photographs by unidentified publishers
-The hero's wife
-[Broken seesaw]
-Room on top
-[Woman in a cake]
-Toothache

  • The barber shop
    -The book agent
    -The fisherman
    -[Bill, sick cowboy]

Self-Published Stereographs (Single-Sided)

File contains double-sided stereographs (with images on both sides of the card) that depict buildings, animals and people at the beach, a lake, a creek bank, an island in the middle of a lake with a person on it a street scene, an Indigenous Person and Paul Wing Jr.

Business cards

The first business card is for Martin and Gail Bass and provides their address and telephone number and states their interest in Stereoscopic Cards and viewers. The second card is for John Steffen, who heads Eastview Pharmacy, and lists his address and telephone number and his interest in stereoscopic viewers.

Box of Glass Slides - Kromskop Viewer Set, Kromograms

File contains a stereoscopic viewer and set of Kromogram stereoscopic images. A Kromogram was produced by a special camera and viewed through a Kromoscop.
The Kromskop is a stereoscopic viewer which combined the images from six black and white transparencies through colour filters to create a stereoscopic colour image. The six black and white transparencies were connected together in such a way that they could be 'draped' over the viewer. The set of six transparencies is called a Kromogrram.
To produce a Kromogram, the special camera took three pairs of images of a given object (an exposure time of a minute was required, which made it impractical for portrait work). It used a combination of mirrors, prisms and colour filters. The eventual positive was cut into three and mounted in a folded cardboard frame to form the Kromogram.
The three pairs of transparencies were black and white. However they differed in detail because they showed different features of the subject as transmitted through the particular colour filter.
The label on the box reads: "The Photochromoscope Syndicate, Limited, / 121, Shaftesbury Avenue, London W.C." The Syndicate, a British company, was established by Ives in 1898.
Kromogram consists of three black and white negatives made of one subject and there are four sets of three. One set focuses on botanical gardens/flowers, another on a vase of flowers, one on a Yorkshire farm and the last on two people sitting and reading.

Star Trek, View-master Reel

Item consists of a set of wheel type stereographs that depict scenes from the Star Trek original series episode "The Omega Glory" (season 2, episode 23). The back of the envelope summarizes the episode. Packet item No. B 4991.

Flintstones, View-master Reel

File consists of two sets of wheel type stereographs that depict scenes from The Flintstones cartoon television series. On each envelope back, there is a summary of what the wheel shows. One envelope also contains an illustrated booklet. Packet Numbers are B 520 and B 514.

Assorted Series, View-master Reel

File contains a set of wheel type stereographs depicting a veriety of television series including: Gun smoke, Hawai Five-O, Laugh-In, Snoopy, San Diego Zoo, Mexican Bullfight, Coins, Rocks, World War One, and Peanuts.

Assorted Stories, View-master Reel

File consists of a set of wheel type stereographs that depict a variety of well known stories. Titles are: The Fiddler on the Roof, The Poseidon Adventure, Thumbelina, The Pied Piper, Alice in Wonderland, Bambi and Lassie, and Timmy in "The Runaway Mule"

Stereoscope Viewers

Series contains stereoscopic viewers, photographic images, and emphera. This includes a wide range of stereoscopes and three-dimensional viewers. Stereoscopes are devices used to view two mounted identical images as a single three-dimensional photograph commonly referred to as stereographs or stereoviews.

The first lens-based, portable stereoscopes were invented by Sir David Brewster in 1849 and presented at Crystal Palace during the London Great Exhibition between 1850 to 1851. Until a decade later when Oliver Wendell Holmes' adaptation of the Brewster stereoscope became the model for all later editions of stereoviewers during the 19th century. Holmes left his invention unpatented. This allowed other manufactures such as H.C. White, Underwood & Underwood and Keystone Viewing Company to mimic his design and increase production of stereoscopes and stereoviews. Ultimately, Holmes' decision would increase production and purchase of his invention.

Stereoscopes and stereo ephemera were meant for educational and entertainment purposes. Designs ranged from various materials like wood and aluminium, stereoscopes also had a large array of shapes and sizes from hand held to table top.

Following the 20th century, three-dimensional viewers became extremely popular. Some major manufactures such as GAF, Sawyer's View-Master and Tru-View produced iconic viewers made from metal, bakelite and other plastics. Originally, viewers and viewer emphera were developed for educational purposes but eventually became marketed as children's entertainment. Unlike stereoscopic viewers that could only look at single card stereoviews, three-dimensional viewers typically rotated black and white or colour transparency reels or multiview cards. Many original companies such as Sawyer's and GAF merged together but maintained the "View-Master" name. In 1989, the view-master brand was sold to Tycho until 1997 when Mattel and Tyco joined together. Now, view-masters are produced under the Fisher-Price title. View-masters were made from various materials and sizes. Some editions included built-in back lighting and sound recordings.

Ultimate stickers (Star bright design)

Item contains anaglyph three-dimensional set of viewing glasses and six three-dimensional viewing stickers, manufactured by Star Bright Design. This item was designed and marketed as a novelty child's toy. The anaglyph three-dimensional effect is caused by using two different coloured filters, typically red and cyan, on lenses. The viewing stickers have the same two colours added to the image, however, the subjects of the stickers are captured at slightly different perspectives. Once viewed through the glasses, the images superimpose onto each other creating a three dimensional image.

Stereoscopic views boxset

This item is a wooden stereoscopic box set with hand held viewer. Viewer is able to fold on top of itself and is made of wood and leather. Box has 45 stereoscopic slides made from various publishing studios such as Kilburn and Underwood & Underwood. This box contains two dividers to keep stereocards stored in. Interior lid of box has inscription "Benny N Roadhouse, Garwick, July 1891." This object was used to view two identical images, or stereographs, as one three-dimensional photograph.

View-Master stereoscope (model M)

This item is a plastic blue viewer kept in original plastic sealed packaging. Item contains on one reel of 7 diametrical, 16 mm colour transparencies depicting children's cartoon shows. On the side of the object is a yellow push down leaver. Lever is designed to rotate reel.

Uncle Sam's movie projector and movie tracer

This item is a brown electric projector with a metal exterior and 1 reel containing paper duracolour filmstrips. On either side of the object are spindles designed to hold the film.Some versions of this item come with a sound mechanism that can be attached on the centre of the turning wheel by a screw. The handle turns both the film and audio simultaneously. This object was intended to be a children's toy.

Sterling stereo viewer

Item is a plastic view master decorated with imitation marble. This object was used to view reels of transparency images. The lever on the side of the viewer will rotate the reel one frame at a time once pressed.

Perfecscope viewer

Item is a Holmes style handheld stereoscope manufactured by H.C.White Company. Item is made of aluminium and wood with velvet around the viewer hood. The viewer is adorned with floral engraving. Slide holding the card is removable and adjustable to user's vision. Handle folds onto viewer. This item was used to view stereographs. "Exposition-Universelle Internationale, 1900" is branded on top of the viewer hood. Written on item: USA patent Oct.15.1895, June 3.1902; FEBY.1.1898 B.S.G.D.G. Great Britain, Austria, Belgium; Canada, France, Germany DRMG NO.53803; Patent July 24 1883. H.C. White Company was a main manufacturer of Holmes style stereoscopes. White obtained several patents for his high quality stereographs and stereoscopes. In 1907, White made the most mechanized stereo publishing facility in the world. The entire photo printing process was automatic to ensure a uniform standard. The H.C. White company produced three standard stereoscopes: wood, wood and metal, and all metal.

Combination graphoscope and stereoscope viewer (Nelson Wood & Company)

Item is a wooden and metal combination graphoscope and stereoscope. Glass is framed by detailed floral carving. Body is able to fold onto itself and stand on a floral engraved stand. Graphoscope is a viewing device used to enlarge photographs and text. Item is a made of a magnifying glass in a wooden frame and can collapse into a compact form. Whereas the Stereoscope was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Achromatic stereoscope viewer

Item is a wooden and brass stereoscope with wooden hood cover. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect. Item is a box type viewer which folds into it's own storage case. Additional reflector can be placed in adjustable brass arms to illuminate transparencies with its white or mirrored side. Viewer is mounted on underside of the lid case. Once inverted and lowered into the box the base becomes the the cover. Lock on either side designed to hold object in place. Later versions of this object included storage units for both viewer and slides. Such as a vertical model able to adjust the viewer to a convenient height and a horizontal cabinet to house stereoviews.

Written on lenses: Achromatic Smith Beck & Beck; Stereoscope 31 Cornell London.

Polyorama style stereoscope viewer with stand (Murray and Heath)

Item is a wooden polyorama style stereoscope with a detachable brass stand made to be a handheld stereoscope or standing stereoscope. There is a glass stereograph of a park view inside the stereoscope. Item comes with 3 prize ribbons for "Best in Category" at the National Stereoscopic Association Photography Shows. Lenses in viewer slide out to the side for cleaning, Reflecting lid is fitted with a convex mrror. Written on base of stand: 34 Picadilly London Registered Feb 1858

Monarch stereoscope viewer

This item is a hand held stereoscope made of wood and aluminium. The hood of the viewer is adorned with a floral engraving and a seal of a deer. The viewer is lined with velvet. The handle is able to bend back onto the viewer. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect. The hood is designed to keep out additional light.

Written on object: "Manufactured Keystone View Co. Meadville, PA. Patented 1904"

Hummingbird combination graphoscope and stereoscope viewer

Item is a black and green combination viewer and stereoscope with hummingbird and lily pad carvings detailed with minerals. Graphoscope is a viewing device used to enlarge photographs and text. Item is a made of a magnifying glass in a wooden frame and can collapse into a compact form. Whereas the stereoscope was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect. This object can collapse into a compact form.

Sun sculpture stereoscope viewer (Underwood & Underwood)

This item is a aluminium and wood hand held Holmes style stereoscope manufactured by Underwood & Underwood. Viewer hood is made of aluminium and lined with velvet. On top of the hood is a Underwood & Underwood brand between leaf detailing. Handle can fold back onto viewer. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Written on object: manufactured by Underwood & Underwood New York Patented June 11, 1901 Foreign Patents Applied For.

Metal pedestal stereoscope viewer

This item is a metal pedestal stereoscope with binocular style viewer. Viewer can revolved 360 degrees around pedestal base. Viewer hood has art deco engravings. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Wooden hand held stereoscope viewer (unknown)

Item is a wooden handheld Holmes style stereoscope. Handle bends back onto viewer. Hood of viewer is lined with red velvet. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Sawyer's View-Master (model B)

Item is a circular brown plastic view master with binocular shape viewer. Item comes with one reel of 7 diametrical, 16 mm colour transparencies of Niagara Falls, New York. Item opens and closes with lock at the top. Lever is designed to rotate transparencies.

Handheld stereoscope viewer (Joseph L. Bates)

Item is a handheld wooden Holmes style stereoscope with cardboard hood, adjustable card slide and removable handle. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlapped to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Written on object : patented Aug 13th 1867. JLB is engrave in the eyepiece.

View-Master model A (Sawyer's)

Item is a handheld plastic view master manufactured by Swayer's Inc. This 3D viewer was first introduced at the New York World Fair (1939-1940).Reel of 16 mm colour transparencies of 7 diametrical pairs depicting Victoria Falls, Southern Rhodesia, Africa. The lever on the side of the viewer will rotate the reel one frame at a time once pressed. Originally this item was meant as an educational tool for adults but quickly became a popular children's toy. Item is made of plastic and metal. Reels are interchangeable and come with a variety of themes.

Written on object : Swayer's view master Portland Ore. U.S. pat.2, 189, 255 Foreign Pats Appl'd For Made in USA

Tru-Vue viewer (Tru-Vue company)

Item is a plastic viewer built with a red push down handle. The handle is designed to rotate three-dimensional transparency images specifically manufactured by Tru-Vue Company. The original images come on cards which can be inserted through the slot between the lenses of the viewer. Item comes with square plastic windows to illuminate backs of transparencies on view.

Tru-Vue Company

Mercury stereoscope viewer with black hood (American Stereoscopic Company)

Item is a wooden handheld stereoscopic viewer with a black metal hood. Hood is engraved with floral patterning and branded with The Mercury Stereoscope trademark. The edges of the hood are lined with black velvet. Handle folds back onto viewer. The entire stereoscope is kept within a black box. This item was patented by R.Y. Young an American photographer most known for his stereographs. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Written on box label : The Stereo - Gothard patented 1901, by R.Y. Young Sold Only By American Stereoscopic Company 725 Broadway, New York.

Young, R.Y.

Sesame street Big Bird view master

Item is a plastic view master manufactured by TYCO Industries and built in the shape of Sesame Street character Big Bird. The 3D viewer is in original packaging and comes with a reel of 7 diametrical, 16 mm colour transparencies depicting Sesame Street scenes featuring Big Bird and friends. Orange push down lever on the right is used to switch reel image. Reels are interchangeable.

Mercury stereoscope viewer (Underwood & Underwood)

This item is a handheld metal and wood Holmes style stereoscope. The metal viewer has engravings of flower and leaf details with red fabric lining the metal eyepiece. Slide holder is adjustable and handle folds back onto the viewer. "Mercury Stereoscope Trade Mark" is branded on top of the viewer. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Written on object : Underwood & Underwood New York Pat'd July 28'02 & May 01'06.

Handheld metal hood stereoscope viewer (unknown)

This item is a handheld wooden Holmes style stereoscope. The hood is made of metal and engraved with a floral pattern. Lens openings are framed by metal. Red velvet lines the viewer hood. Slide holder is adjustable and handle folds back onto itself. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Written on object : Pat'd July.

Wood and metal stereoscope viewer with handle (unknown)

This item is a handheld wooden Holmes style stereoscope. The viewer hood is made of metal. Slide holder is adjustable and handle is missing. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Wooden handheld stereoscope viewer (unknown)

Item is a Holmes style handheld wooden stereoscope with wooden hood, adjustable card slide and handle. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Tru-Vue viewer box set (Tru-Vue company)

Item is a brown plastic 3D viewer built with a push-down lever between the lenses. The lever is designed to rotate a reel containing three-dimensional black and white 35 mm acetate film manufactured by Tru-Vue Company. Images are inserted through the slot on the left side of the lenses. Item comes with square plastic windows to illuminate backs of transparencies on view. Once the film is circulated, it rewinds itself on the right hand side of the viewer. Item comes in original box with 6 original films depicting the Golden Gate Exposition and San Francisco’s major landmarks. Item also comes with original pink catalogue explaining how to use the Tru-Vue and how to order new film, as well as a business card for True-Vue Inc, that is also an order form. Written on object : Tru-View Rock Island, Ill. U S PAT. 90564 Made in U.S.A. Written on box : Tru-Vue Ins. Pictures With Depth Rock Island Illinois Printed And Made In U.S.A.

Hand held wooden stereoscope viewer with cardboard hood (unknown)

This item is a handheld wooden Holmes style stereoscope. The hood is made of cardboard painted to imitate wood grain. Slide holder is adjustable. Handle is detachable.This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Written on object : Pat'd Dec.7.1875.

Black metal handheld stereoscope viewer (unknown)

Item is a black Holmes style handheld metal stereoscope viewer hood, adjustable card slide and handle. Handle can bend back onto viewer. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Exposition universelle interinationale stereoscope viewer (H.C. White)

Item is a wooden handheld Holmes styled stereoscope and a red velvet lined aluminium hooded viewer. Hood has floral engravings and branded with the H.C. White Co. medallion in the centre. Handle bends back onto viewer. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the sliding card holder and adjusted to fit the user's vision until the two images overlap to mimic a three-dimensional effect.

Written on object : Pat'd July 28.03 Pat'd. July.23.03.

View-master stereoscope (Sawyer's)

Item is a handheld View-Master manufactured by Swayer's Inc and first introduced at the New York World Fair (1939-1940). The 3D viewer is made of plastic and metal. Reel shows 7 diametrical, 16 mm kodachrome transparencies of famous global landmarks. The push-down lever on the side of the viewer will rotate the reel one frame at a time. Reels are interchangeable and come with a variety of themes often ordered through a View-Master catalogue.

Sawyer's Inc.

Tru-Vue viewer box set (Tru-Vue company)

Item is a brown plastic 3D viewer built with a push-down lever between the lenses. The lever is designed to rotate a reel containing three-dimensional black and white 35 mm acetate film manufactured by Tru-Vue Company. Images are inserted through the slot on the left side of the lenses. Item comes with square plastic windows to illuminate backs of transparencies on view. Once the film is circulated, it rewinds itself on the right-hand side of the viewer. Item comes in original box with 4 original films depicting the Grand Canyon's major landmarks.

Written on object : Tru-View Rock Island, Ill. U S PAT. 90564 Made in U.S.A. Written on box : Fifty-Six Scenes Of The Grand Canyon Of Arizona In Three Dimensional Photography.

Polyorama stereoscopic viewer (unknown)

This item is a handheld stereoscope made of wood and brass. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the card holder, next binocular like lenses can be twisted until adjusted to the user's vision. This merges the two images to mimic a three-dimensional effect. A hood on the top of viewer is designed to allow light to illuminate stereograph. Object comes with one glass plate stereograph of Windsor Castle, England.

Magical stereoscope (unknown)

Item is a handheld stereoscope made from wood, plastic and cardbaord. Item was originally designed as a child's toy. This object was used to view two nearly identical photographs, or stereographs, as one three dimensional image. The stereograph would be placed in the card holder merging the two images to mimic a three-dimensional effect. Stereoscope comes with 12 paper black and white stereographs of animals at the zoo. Written on object : Magical Stereoscope.

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