print with white border. Depcits water buffalo in field with houses visible in background. Reto caption: "water buffalo near Honolulu"

Item consists of a black card with embossed oval decoration and a photograph inset of a young man with high collar, tartan tie and flower in the lapel of his jacket. At bottom right, embossed, "Johonson Bros./ INDIAN HEAD". And on verso, handwritten in pencil, "with Love to Florence".

Item is a portrait photograph on a post card backing, with the back delineated for text and address: "POST CARD/ CORRESPONDENCE" and "ADDRESS ONLY". Along left side, printed sideways, "Post Cards made from any Photo by STANTON PHOTO NOVELTY CO./ Springfield, Ohio". Photograph fills entire front of card, with image printed in oval shape. Very dark suit and background make the white tie and the sitter's face stand out.

Item consists of a brown card with oval photograph surrounded by an embossed oval frame. At bottom right, embossed, "Sl--?/ NIAGARA/ FALLS N.Y." Photograph shows a man wiht high collar, ascot tie and kerchief in his suit jacket.

Item consists of a grey folded card card with dark grey border and embossed floral decorations at top and bottom right corners, and an oval decoration with flower at upper left. Inside, photograph of a man and woman both dressed in dark colours and seated against a studio backdrop showing foliage. At bottom centre, embossed in black, "La Roche/ SEDRO VALLEY, WN."

Item consists of a cream card with light blue embossed oval at centre with photograph of a woman in black dress with pleats down the front and a small, high white lace collar inset. At bottom, embossed design of a young woman in bonnet with flowers and scroll banner. To right of image, also embossed, "FLAGG & PLUMMER/ LEWISTON, MAINE." Card is glued onto a darker piece of cardboard. On verso, handwritten in pencil upside down, "Maria".

View of the Oahu Railway Station. Text in white ink on surface of photograph reads, '156'.

Mounted image of orange trees. Inscription in ink on back of mount reads,'Orange Grove Los Angeles Cal.'

Five images on either side of cardboard mount. Three gelatin silver prints of a Mormon tabernacle in Utah and two photomechanical prints of an Ostrich farm. Inscription in ink reads, 'Mormons' and 'Utah 1903'. Inscription in pencil reads, 'SITA $75'

Gelatin silver prints of various settings in California on either side of a cardboard mount. Inscriptions in ink read, 'Trunkee River Nevada Mountains' and 'Santa Barbara Pier' and 'Ocean, Delmonte' and 'Boring Maetime for hot water, Nevada Mountains' and 'Ocean Beach, Delmonte, Mrs. Clifton in trap' and 'View of club house centre, Santa Barbara' and 'Mrs. Clifton, in front of Delmonte hotel, Mr. Clifton' and 'View of (illegible)' and 'Sample of American advertisements in some gardens, Pasadena' and 'Pacific Ocean View, Monteray' and 'Seals on Rocks, Pacific Ocean Beach, Monterey' and 'Seals on Rocks, Monterey' and 'Pacific Grove Ocean Beach'. Inscription in pencil reads, 'Sita, $60'

7 photographs on either side of a cardboard mount. Three platinum prints of scenes of Victoria, B.C., three various gelatin silver prints and one photomechanical print of a baby crying surrounded by ostrich hatchlings. Inscription in ink reads, 'illegible', and 'Utah'. Inscription in pencil reads, 'Sita $50'

Four gelatin silver prints on either side of a cardboard mount. Images of Santa Barbara, California. Potter Hotel, the baths and Hotel del Monte in Monterey, California. Inscriptions in pencil read, 'Santa Barbara, California' and 'Potter Hotel, Santa Barbara' and 'The Baths, Santa Barbara' and 'Hotel del Monte, Monterey, California'. Also inscribed in pencil in different penmanship is 'Sita' and '$125'

Six gelatin silver prints mounted on either side of cardboard. Images are of Salt Lake City, Brigham Young's grave, Amelia Place, a dance floor, a Mormom temple and a portrait of Brigham Young and each of his 21 wives. Inscriptions in pencil read, '$200, 31' and 'SITA $200'. Inscription in blue ink read, 'Utah Salt Lake City, ill. wife'

Six gelatin silver prints mounted on either side of cardboard. Images are of Salt Lake City, Saltair Beach and a Mormon Tabernacle. Inscription in ink reads, 'Salt Lake City Utah' and 'Utah 1903'. Inscription in pencil reads '$100' and '$100 SITA'.

Item is a black folded card card with tissue insert and a photograph of a woman in fur scarf and fur muff on a cream-coloured mount. At the bottom of the mount, embossed, "Kraft/ ST. PAUL". On the front of the card, at the centre, "KRAFT. PORTRAITS" is embossed in a circle design.

Item consists of photographs taken on a trip to Milwaukee. Subjects include stilt houses, water bodies, parks, and family portraits.

Item is a cabinet card portrait featuring four monks, two seated with two standing behind in a photography studio. The card is greyish blue in colour, and the photographer's stamp on the verso reads: "PHOTOGRAPHERS, / ROMASZKIEWICZ / 1017 BROADWAY, / BUFFALO, N.Y.".

Item is a cabinet card with black fabric lining on card with oval photograph showing a man with curled moustache and a polka dot bowtie and striped shirt. At lower right, embossed in gold, "Maxwell/ WALLA WALLA,/ WASH." A few pen marks added to enhance moustache.

Item consists of a black and white photograph of two women laying on a hill in front of the city of San Francisco. The Golden Gate Bridge is visible in the background on the right. There is a large tree to the left of them. One woman is wearing a blazer and a scarf and has her eyes closed. The other woman is looking to the right and has a cigarette in her hand. There is a large 1.25 cm white border around the image.

Item is a grey card with white edging and a grey and white line border around a photograph of a man in uniform. At bottom centre, embossed, "THE MODEL STUDIO/ 947/ WATER ST./MEADOWVILLE, P.A."

Item consists of a sepiatone black and white photograph of a man and a dog at midnight in Nome, Alaska. The man appears to be standing on a porch with his hands in his pockets. He is wearing a long dark coat, glasses and a hat. There are binoculars around his neck. There is a dog in the foreground, at the feet of the man. There is an uneven white border around the image and at the bottom of the photograph is written "AZ Watson Taken at Midnight" in pen. On the back of the photograph in pencil is handwritten "Taken at Nome Alaska at 12 oclock at night continuous light sun set at 10.20 pm June 21st 1902".

4x5 film pack adapter for Premo camera. Metal and wood pack adapter. Inscription on side of wood "For Premo cameras." Premo cameras were manufactured by Rochester Optical and Camera company, which was bought out by Eastman Kodak in 1903. Date based on inscription: "Manufactured by Eastman Kodak Co. successor to Rochester Optical Co. Rochester, N.Y., U.S.A. Canada 25-03 British Pat. Apr. 21-03 France Pat. Apr. 18-03 German C.R.P. June 7 - 1905 U.S.A. Pat. May 19-03." (Eastman Kodak changed the name of the Rochester Optical Company to the Rochester Optical Division in 1907). Inscription on outside of metal back, "Premo film pack adapter."

CDV size card with albumen image. Image is the invention of Zadoc P. Dederick. Inscription on verso "Geo. O. Bedford's Park Gallery, 166 Broad St., Newark, N.J. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by Zadoc P. Dederick, in the clerk's office of the District Court for the district of New Jersey." Dederick invented The Steam Man and patented him in March of 1868. The Steam Man was a steam powered pair of legs rigidly attached on a horizontal swivel to the front of a carriage. Hence the carriage was able to be steered. The body of the Man is the boiler and the driving cylinder is mounted on the back. Seems like this CDV was used along with the patent (#75874).

Item is a small silver gelatin portrait print. Yellow and brown in colour, image is of a young girl with long brown hair, tied up on the side with a barrette. Background is a studio setting with a pillar or column. Inscription on recto "Florence" handwritten in black ink, across bottom of image. Inscription on verso "Tel. Main .3877 A. E. Otis Photographer Open Sundays & Holidays 457-59 Fulton St., B'klyn" in red ink stamp.

Item has a cream card-frame embossed opening, with embossed letters "Potter's Patent March 7 1865." Which is how we dated the tintype. Photograph is a studio portrait of two women, both standing, side by side. Both women wear hats. One on left wears a dark shirtwaist, with a striped full skirt with hair tied neatly back and little bow at the neck. Woman on right has a dark dress, buttons down the front with a small white collar, in fashion in the 1860s. Her hair is shoulder lenght ringlets, also in fashion in the 1860s. Both have pink tinted cheeks.

Item is in a cream coloured card-frame embossed opening, with embossed letters "Potter's Patent March 7 1865." Which is how we dated the tintype. Photograph is a studio portrait of two women, both seated, arms resting on the one armrest with fringes. Woman on right is dressed all in black, with black hat and veil - perhaps mourning wear. The woman on the left is in full skirt with black trim and black top, white collar and black hat. Both have pink tinted cheeks.

Item is a black, shiny card with embossed border and embossed text at bottom right, "Lucas/ MARION, IND." Portrait of a baby in (christening gown?) seated in wicker chair. On verso, in pencil, "EB & A Line(?)" and at top right, "3.00".

Item is a white card with gold border and in gold letterpress at bottom, "Wilber" and decorative initials "W" and "C" intertwined, followed by "CHARDON/ OHIO". Photograph shows a woman in black high-collar dress. Photograph is a cabinet card set inside card page from cabinet card album.

Item is a brown card with embossed decoration of a lion in shield at upper left. Again, lion at bottom right, picked out with tan ink, with the text "I.D. JACKSON CO./ DETROIT". Right flap is decoratively frayed. Inside photograph of three young men in suits and ties.

Portrait of a man resembling Abraham Lincoln.

Lillian Russell, born Nellie Leonard in Clinton, Iowa in 1861, was a famous comic opera actress in New York city. She made her stage debut in "Time Tries All" in Chicago in 1877 before moving to New York in 1879 and continuing her career in musicals, burlesque and dramatic shows. Near the end of her life, she was appointed as a special investigator to study immigration conditions by President Harding. She presented a report to the United States Department of Labor that suggested an "immigration holiday" of 5 years, the sifting of immigrants on the other side, and 21 years residence in the US before naturalization. See "Lillian Russell Dies of Injuries", The New York Times, June 6, 1922, pp. 1-2. Retrieved on December 15, 2010.

Item is a cabinet card featuring an image of Emma Hoffman.

American actress, burlesque performer. She is recorded as having performed in "Our Cinderella: A Burlesque" by William Gill in the Colville Company's 1878-9 season, and in "The Magic Slipper" for Haverley's Theater in New York in August 1879, produced by Samuel Colville's Opera Burlesque Company.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of Broadway theatre actress Venie Clancy.

Item is a cabinet card featuring a portrait of Maggie Moore, American-Australian actress, sitting on a railing.

American actress, appeared in Richard Stahl's operetta "The Sea King".

Photograph of the stage actress Mary Anderson as Juliette in Shakespere's Romeo and Juliette.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of American actress Lizzie McCall.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of Mabel Stantley.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of American actress Louise Montague.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of Maude Branscombe, British popular celebrity, stage beauty and light opera singer.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of American burlesque theatre actress Lizzie Webster.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of actress Lizzie McCaul.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of a young woman leaning back on a garden bench.

Item is a photograph of the actress Marie Heath, known as "The Little Sunbeam." Credited in the production of "For Mother's Sake" (1904) produced by Rusco and Holland, minstrel company, Cincinnati & New York.

American actress and "Gaiety Girl", Jennie McNulty was the leader of the Chroisters' Association in 1895, a predominately women's club with four small rooms for reading, writing, and relaxing and two large rooms for rehearsals.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of Marion Manola, American actress.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of a man sitting on a raised stool holding a violin attached to a trumpet and piano by a number of strings.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of a small teenager wearing dress and tiara.

Item is a carte de visite sized vignetted portrait of Abraham Lincoln. No inscriptions.

Item is a cabinet card composite portrait of 18 Presidents of the United States.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of Broadway actress Ida Mulle sitting on a garden bench.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of actress Louise Eissing.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of Broadway actress Estelle Clayton lounging in a studio set that appears as rocks with a lake in the background.

Item is a cabinet card portrait of actress Kate Stokes.

Item is a cream coloured cabinet card with oval fram decoratively drawn on card to mimick a heavy wall frame, complete with nail and hanging ropes. Photograph shows a young girl in checkered blouse holding flowers. On verso, a US 2 cent stamp, c. 1862-1871. Cancelled "[illeg] MILLS PENN YAN N.Y./ Jan 5, 1885."

Item is a green card with beige border around photograph of a young soldier (same as 2008.001.158). Soldier wears hat with design of two crossed rifles and the number 2 and letter B. On collar, an "H" is pinned to the left lapel. Card has been cut down on left and right to approximate a cabinet card size.

Item is a cream coloured cabinet card with gold letterpress at bottom, "G. Dahms, BRADY ST./ Bet. 2nd and 3rd/ DAVENPORT,/ IOWA." Photograph shows a young man (same as in 2008.001.159) against studio backdrop with tropical plants. Man wears uniform of the Iowa National Guard with carbine belt and insignia of two rifles with the letter "B" on the hat.

Item is a cream coloured card with image of a man in a dirty apron, holding a scalpel and standing in front of a table with other, possibly medical, instruments. On verso, photographer's stamp in black with the text "BREWER/ St. Paul's Square/ SOUTHSEA." In brown ink, written sideways on left, "Rather a sharp fellow."

Item is a cream coloured card with gold border and a series of oval-shaped portraits arranged in an oval around two central oval portraits. Names of individuals have been lightly added in pencil, clockwise from top: [illeg.], Palmer, Lusker(?), none given, none given, [illeg.], Douglass." Across bottom, also in pencil, "Med. Faculty Mich. University 1868". On verso, in black letterpress, at centre, "R.D. PALMER,/ PHOTOGRAPHER,/ And Portrait Painter,/ Huron Street, East of Cook's Hotel,/ ANN ARBOR, MICH." And below, "Negatives preserved, Copies enlarged in India Ink or Oil."

Item is a cream coloured carte-de-visite with gold border and photograph of a man. Handwritten in black ink at bottom of card, "Yours truly (C. M. Parker(?)" On verso, handwritten in pencil at very bottom, "Class of 1870." and "Delphi, Ind."

Item is a cream coloured card with gold border and photograph of a man, bearded. Inscription in ink at bottom, "Wm H Warner/ Odell, Ill". On verso, inside a decorative peach-coloured drawn frame, in black letterpress, "D.P. GROVES,/ PHOTOGRAPHER,/ ANN ARBOR, MICH." On verso, a "D" appears handwritten on card.

Painted photograph showing a woman in dark dress with broach affixed to white lace collar. Image is oval in shape on a rectangular card mount. Tears at all four corners show were cover mount would have been adhered. On verso, light blue stamp reads "Universal Copying Co./ MANUFACTURERS OF/ India Ink, Berlin Finish, Crayon, Pastel and Oil Portraits,/ also, Cabinets and Cartes de Visites./ All orders promptly attended to:/ Jeffers, Wells & Kipps, Proprietors./ Office 1436 & 1438 Market St., between 8th and 9th,/ SAN FRANCISCO, CAL."

Crayon finished photograph showing a man with beard in suit with watchchain affixed to the top button of his waistcoat. Image is oval in shape on a rectangular card mount. Tears at all four corners show were cover mount would have been adhered. On verso, light blue stamp reads "Universal Copying Co./ MANUFACTURERS OF/ India Ink, Berlin Finish, Crayon, Pastel and Oil Portraits,/ also, Cabinets and Cartes de Visites./ All orders promptly attended to:/ Jeffers, Wells & Kipps, Proprietors./ Office 1436 & 1438 Market St., between 8th and 9th,/ SAN FRANCISCO, CAL."

Item is a photograph mounted on dark grey card with an outdoor gathering. There are sevarl women, some in hats, one older man, a younger man and two young boys in the frame. The are all seated and hold a banner reading "CHEROKEE" at their feet. The banner probably refers to the place.

Item is a black cabinet card with gold border and gold letterpress at bottom edge, "Wynne S. Smith, Painesville, Ohio." Photograph is a blurred portrait of a man with mismatched trousers and jacket and holding a walking stick. He is seated on steps.

Item consists of a cream card with embossed text at bottom edge, "DINGELDEY'S/ 780 JEFFERSON ST./ BUFFALO, N.Y." Photograph shows a boy with loose dress shirt and cropped pants holding a newspaper and wearing a beaten hat which looks to be fashioned out of newspaper.

Item consists of a white card with scalloped edges and silver embossed text along the right side, "Dunham/ PORTRAITS/ BELMOND,/ IOWA." The word 'portraits' is encircled by a graphic showing an artist's brushes and palettes. Photograph shows two young men seated in a parlour (painted backdrop). The man on the left leans over the chair of the man seated on the right who holds a card photograph in his hand of a woman. On verso, handwritten in ink "Patsy Burke" and "3".

Item is a portrait printed on textured art paper of a man seated in a window with his arm around a woman standing beside him, looking out the window. Posed artistic portrait. Embossed at bottom right, "Baker Art Gallery/ COLUMBUS, O." Embossed at top left, a coat of arms with lion. In grey bi-fold mount.

Item is a portrait printed on textured art paper of a man seated in a window with his arm around a woman standing beside him, looking out the window. Posed artistic portrait.

Item is a portrait of a young woman in an off-the shoulder wrap holding flowers at her chest. Her image has been artistically blurred and warm toned.

Item consists of a photograph mounted on light grey card with dark grey borders. Image shows a group of ment standingon the steps to a light brick building. Each man has a number written on his chest (handwritten on negative) and the words "PHOTO BY/ BERT'S/ JAN 8-17." appears also handwritten to the right of the group. At the top edge of the photo, probably also added to the negative, "GRAHAM'S SCIENTIFIC BREEDING SCHOOL K.C.MO." Handwritten in pencil on verso, "$10.00".

Item consists of a photograph mounted on grey card. Image shows a group of men seated outside a large brick building with a wooden sign high above their heads "HER-/ SPILLMAN/ THE/ ONLY/ BUILDERS/ OF/ IMPROVED/ 1873-1890" with the image of a carousel painted on the sign. The front row of the group holds up a wooden sign that reads "2ND ANNUAL OUTING/ OF HERSCEHLL SPILLMAN & CO'S/ EMPLOYEES JULY 3RD 1902." At bottom right, embossed in card, "L. H. Linh-pf(?)/ TONAWANDA, N.Y."

Item consists of a photograph mounted on grey card. Image shows a group of 7 men in suits seated in the back of a car with the roof drawn back. American flags hang from the lantern, door, and in front of the vehicle. There is a barn in the background. On verso, handwritten in pencil at upper left, "WSBCJ" and at upper right, 12.00/ 3c".

White bi-fold card with the design of a naked woman holding a mirror above the text "Lou Walters/ Latin Quarter". At the top left, "So this is Gay Paree.../ come along with me/ we're stepping out/ to see the/ Latin Quarter". Inside, a photograph of 4 men and 1 woman seated around a table, in the background several mirrored walls. The diners have all signed the bottom of the card and dated it. "1/26/56" "Dave Narved(?), Chas Bocklet(?), Burwell Abel, Marg Dunn, Run(?) Dunn". On back of card, blue print reading "Souvenir Photo" surrounded by a blue border. At bottom right, further blue text reads "For extra copies write to:/ PLANETARY PHOTO/ 311 West 34th Street/ New York 1, N. Y./ Use Number of back of Print/ Stating date taken and name of Club/ along with description of Photo."

Item consists of a grey card with photograph affixed. Image of an army regiment at attention, standing ont he sidewalk of a city street with a building advertising "THE/ T.S. FORD C-/ LIMITED/ DEPARTMENT/ STORE" behind the troops. Handwritten in blue ink are the names of many of the soldiers, with arrows pointing to the respective persons.

Item is a cream card with lithographed drawing of an ornate wooden frame in gold with blue tassles. Inside frame, photograph of a man holding the lapel of his jacket open with this left hand. On verso, a U.S. Revenue stamp meant for playing cards cancelled Jan 5, 186(5?).

Item is a cream card with thin, double border in gold and photograph of a man seated at a table with a bottle and glass of wine. On verso, photographer's stamp, "J. P. CALVERT,/ Photographer,/ MOORESVILLE, IND./ Duplicates of this pictures can/ be had at any time."

Item consists of a beige card with light grey embossed text at lower right, "Biles Art Shop/ 113 E. WASHINGTON ST./ NEW CASTLE, PA." Photograph is a portrait of an infant seated on a dark fabric with very little background visible. The infant wears a white dress with necklace, and is shaking his/her right hand so that it is blurred in the image.

Item is a pink cabinet card with brown letterpress at bottom edge. On the left, "Phipps" and on the right "NEW CASTLE, PA." In the centre, a design with the letters "A" "W" and "P" intertwined. Photograph is a vignetted portrait of an old man with a long white beard in a wool sack coat and matching waistcoat. On verso, interlace border lithographed in brown ink, and another intertwined letter design, the same as on the recto. This graphic is followed by the text "ARTISTIC/ Photographer/ A. W. Phipps/ 72 1/2 WASHINGTON ST./ NEW CASTLE,/ PA." Handwritten in blue ink at the top edge, "Wiliam(sic) Stoughton/ My Mother's father/ Clara W. Soughton Ellis".

Item is a beige cabinet card with gold scalloped edges and brown letterpress at bottom edge, "A. W. Phipps, NEW CASTLE, PA." Photograph is a portrait of an older woman in bonnet and glasses. On verso, a design with flowers, brushes, and the text "INSTANTAENOUS/ PORTRAITS/ OF CHILDREN/ A SUCCESSFUL/ SPECIALITY./ ARTISTIC/ PHOTOGRAPHY/ A. W. Phipps,/ 6 1/2 Washington Street,/ NEW CASTLE, PA./ DUPLICATES CAN BE/ PROCURED/ AT ANY TIME." Handwritten in blue ink at the top edge, "Ruth Vogan Hamilton/ Mother of Mary Jane Marshall/ (My grandmother)/ Stoughton".

Item is a beige cabinet card with gold scalloped edges and brown letterpress at bottom edge, "A. W. Phipps, NEW CASTLE, PA." Photograph is a portrait of a man in suit with high collar. On verso, a design with flowers, brushes, and the text "INSTANTAENOUS/ PORTRAITS/ OF CHILDREN/ A SUCCESSFUL/ SPECIALITY./ ARTISTIC/ PHOTOGRAPHY/ A. W. Phipps,/ 6 1/2 Washington Street,/ NEW CASTLE, PA./ DUPLICATES CAN BE/ PROCURED/ AT ANY TIME." Handwritten in blue ink at the top edge, "Dr. Jim or ? John Wallace/ Louise Miller's Grandfather".

Item is a white card with gold letterpress at bottom edge. On the left, a design with a green shield and the letters "L" and "S" intertwined. On the right, "Leavy's Art Gallery/ NEW CASTLE, PA." Photograph is a portrait of a woman with large puffed sleeves seated in a wicker chair, with an older man with beard standing on either side of her. On verso, handwritten in blue ink, "Seth Stoughton/ Jane Stoughton Cobble/ William Stoughton/ Grandfather of Jean Ellis Douglass".

Item is a white card with gold letterpress at bottom edge. On the left, a design with a green shiled and the letters "L" and "S" intertwined. On the right, "Leavy's Art Gallery/ NEW CASTLE, PA." Photograph is a vignetted portrait of a woman with large puffed sleeves and a wide necktie in a tartan pattern. On verso, handwritten in pencil, "Jamie(?) Hoyt Stoughton" and in blue ink, "Aunt Jamie(?)/ Sister of/ Clara Stoughton Ellis".

Item is a beige cabinet card with scalloped edges and brown letterpress at bottom. On the right, "Phipps" and on the left "NEW CASTLE,/ PA." In the centre, a design with artist's palette and brushes and the text "PHIPPS'/ EXTRA/ FINISH". Photograph is a portrait of an infant in a dress with wide lace collar, seated on a chair draped in fabric. On verso, elaborate border design with vases and the text "A. W. PHIPPS/ PHOTOGRAPHIC/ Art Studio./ 61 1/2 Washington Street/ New Castle, Pa."

Item is a white cabinet card with gold letterpress at bottom edge. On the left, a design with a shield and the letters "L" "C" and "O" intertwined. On the right, "Owens Ground floor Studio/ S. MILL ST./ NEW CASTLE, PA." Photograph is a vignetted portrait of two children about 2 and 4 years old, with white blouses and large white ties done in bows around their necks.