Item is a rangefinder snapshot camera for instant photographs using Kodak's proprietary instant print filmpak HS 144-10. This model was part of a series that was Kodak's response to the successful instant cameras produced by Polaroid. A patent infringement case was brought against Kodak by Polaroid in 1977 and was finally settled in 1986, in Polaroid's favour. Kodak recalled all their instant cameras, offering customers a new camera or a rebate in exchange.

Item is a Polaroid Land Camera Automatic 104 outfit case. It is in a black hard leather case lined with red curduroy also containing the Polaroid flash model 268, 2 packs of Polaroid print mounts and 3 Polaroid envelopes for ordering prints, enlargements, and accessories. The camera is a folding bellows instand camera with automatic exposure that used 100-series Packfilm. It has a 2 element plastic lens and a non-folding zone focusing system. It retailed for $60 when it was first released.

Item is a Kodak Pleaser. It is an instant 'handle' camera with a 100mm f/12.8 lens, a shutter with speeds of 2-1/300s, and electronic exposure. It used film type HS144 for a picture size of 67 x 91mm. Picture ejection is by the crank on the right hand of the camera. The concept behind this unique-looking camera was to make instant photography as inexpensive and accessible as possible so that consumers might switch from Polaroid to Kodak. It is the second of the Pleaser models and has a two-tone brown plastic body.

Item is a white plastic box cameras for instant photographs on Polaroid type 20 film. The inexpensive model includes a telesopic viewfinder, AG-1 flash-bulb socket and flash range scale with red knob.

Item consists of a Kodak EK6 instant film camera. It uses Kodak PR10 and PR144 instant film. It is an improvement of the EK4 with its electronic film ejection, instead of a hand crank. On top of the camera there is a flip flash socket. Focusing was through a F11/137mm lens and its markings are in meter and feet. It has a vertically oriented body in black and grey with a folded optical path.

This model was part of a series that was Kodak's response to the successful instant cameras produced by Polaroid. A patent infringement case was brought against Kodak by Polaroid in 1977 and was finally settled in 1986, in Polaroid's favour. Kodak recalled all their instant cameras, offering customers a new camera or a rebate in exchange. A further, class action, lawsuit by consumers followed, resulting in Kodak further offering cash or credit for the return of the Kodak nameplate.

Series contains mainly inexpensive, fully automatic 35 mm cameras marketed strictly for amateur use. These cameras are the high tech descendants of the box camera and most models have no manual control over focus, aperture, shutter speed, film winding or metering. The viewfinder on point and shoot models is, like the box camera and unlike reflex style cameras, not integrated with the lens; there is no mirror directing the view from the lens to the eye of the photographer. Most of the point and shoot cameras require batteries for operation.

To browse the individual items in this series, click on the "View the list" link under the "File and item records are available for this series" title (to the right of the page).

Item is a rtepresentant of the fully automatic point and shoot cameras. It ha a built in flash, a zoom lens f=35 to f=90 mm. A small LCD screen on the back allows the reading of data. The camera has a macro setting.The camera uses 35 mm film in standard cassettes. It has Autofocus.

Item is a 35 mm roll film camera for standard 35 mm cassettes. The camera body is plastic with a fixed focus lens. Item includes manual and original box.

Item is a 35mm rangefinder camera with autofocus, built-in flash, motorized film transport. 35mm f3.5 Nikon Lens.

Item is a point and shoot camera for photographs on APS format film. Includes a 30-125 zoom lens with a wide range (4.3-9.7/30-125mm = 37.5-156mm.) and a macro setting. An adjustable (dioptre) viewfinder and fluorescing buttons are incorporated into the design. A sliding door covers the lens. The camera uses CR123A batteries. The original packaging is included with the item.

Item is an automatic point and shoot camera for photographs on 35mm film. The Fujifilm ZoomDate 1000 has an aluminum body and features automatic exposure and auto focus modes. It is equipped with a Fujinon 28-100mm zoom lens. The original packaging with a strap and carrying case is included.

Item is a small 35mm automatic camera with builit-in electronic flash. New in box and loaded with unexposed film, batteries have been removed. Also comes with spare roll of 12 exposure 35mm Kodacolor Gold 100 film.

Item is an automatic snapshot camera for photographs on 35 mm film. Model has a built in electronic flash and
canon35mm F1:4.5 lens.

Item is a automatic snapshot camera for photographs on 35 mm film. DL refers to "drop-in loading". Includes a 28mm/45mm standard lens. Has a display function of the date on the photos.

Item consists of a Kodak Star 105 Zoom-QD 35mm camera in original packaging with two rolls of 24 exposure Kodak Royal Gold 400 ISO film, batteries and camera pouch. It has an Ektanar Zoom Lens 38-105mm. It is fully automatic and has a maximum aperture of f/3.5 at the wide-angle setting.

Item consists of a Nikon Nuvis 125i IX240 APS compact automatic camera with a magnetic information exchange system and 30-100mm power zoom f/4.3-9.2 lens. It has a built-in flash with red-eye reduction.

Item is an automatic, fixed-focus snapshot camera for photographs on 35 mm film. This model features red-eye reduction and built in flash.

Item consists of a Kodak KE60 EasyLoad 35 mm auto-focus film camera. It features a 29 mm f/5.6 ektanar all glass lens, a programmed shutter with speeds 1/60 to 1/400 seconds, and a built-in flash unit. Uses 1 3 volt lithium battery.

Item consists of a Kodak S Series S1100XL 35mm camera.. It is fully automatic camera and features a f2.8/35 mm ekton lens with a flip-up lens cover that reveals a built-in flash.. Black in colour. Date back, self-timer and option to choose manual forced flash and no flash. LCD panel displays frame number, battery condition, fill-flash mode and self-timer mode. Uses one 9-volt alkaline battery. Made in Japan.

Item is a 4.5 x 6 cm strut-folding plate camera with a black leather-covered metal body and wire folding frame. Camera uses a Carl Zeiss Jena Troitar f6.3/75 mm lens.

Item is a folding camera with black bellows and a leather carrying strap. The camera has a Aplanatic f10.5 lens. The body of the camera has a black leatherette covering with the impression of "ERNO" on the front and "C.M.F" on the back.

Item is a 35mm camera with a black lacquer finish and nickel plated control surfaces.The camera features a Schneider-Kreuznach Xenar f3.5/50 mm lens and a Kodak Compur shutter. This model type of Retina camera moved the film advance release lever to the rear of the top housing next to the viewfinder.

Item is a 35 mm single lens reflex camera with an uncoupled selenium meter and automatic diaphragm. This camera features a Petri f1.8/55 mm lens made in Japan.

Item is a wood and brass folding field camera, likely of English manufacture, for (3 1/4" x 4 1/4") or "quarter plate" exposures on glass plates. Camera is a landscape orientation, bellows are extended and clipped in place with keyhole slugs and focused using twin tracks. The fixed lens board has a mounted f8 brass Taylor Taylor and Hobson brass lens with no shutter.

Item is a folding camera, designed as an updated version of Bessa RF (1936), with housing for coupled rangefinder in chrome instead of black. Synchro-Compur 1/500 shutter. Heliar f3.5.105 lens. 6 x 9 cm prints on 120 roll film.

Item is a black leather model folding camera for 616 film. Has a Twindar lens.

Item is a Contessa-Nettel folding/bellows camera. Only the structure of the camera exists, it is missing a lens. The company Contessa-Nettel AG was a German company that existed between the years 1908 and 1919. The company was known for cameras with a focal plane shutter.

Item is a folding (bellows) plate camera with a Compur leaf shutter. Compur leaf shutters were manufactured from 1912 to 1935 when the Compur-Rapid model was released. Shutter is an earlier, dial set model. Item features a collapsing front bellows, and a leatherette body. Likely made by Voightlander. Lens is marked Steinnell Munchen Deppelanastigmat Unofocal 1:6.8 f=13.5 cm No. 91257.

Item is a folding (bellows) plate camera with an Ibso shutter . Ibso shutters were manufactured by Gauthier from 1908 until 1931 when Zeiss took over the company and offered faster models. Three blade diaphragm , spring powered, pneumatic exposure control. Speeds 1/100 - 1, B, T. Finger release at 7 o'clock, cable release socket at 11 o'clock. Item features collapsing front bellows, and a leatherette body. Likely made by Voightlander. Lens is marked Doppel-Anastigmat Veraplan 1:6.8 F=135 mm. Hugo Meyer & Co Goerlitz No. 18606.

Item consists of a Kodak Bantam f5.6 model 828 film camera. It is a compact folding camera with an f:5.6 50mm Kodak Anastigmat lens.

Item consists of a Kodak Bantam. It is a folding camera that used Kodak's 828 film format. It is a black compact camera with a Kodak Anastigmat f-6.3 53mm lens, a rigid finder, and a plastic body.

Item consists of a No. 1A Gift Kodak folding camera. This was a special version of the No. 1A Pocket Kodak Junior camera with an early Art Deco design by industrial designer Walter Dorwin Teague to target a female market audience. The camera has a genuine brown leather trim with metal decorations on the door and faceplate on the shutter. It is a fixed focus model that uses type 116 roll film to take 2.50 x 4.25 inch exposures and has a meniscus achromatic lens. The camera can take instantaneous exposures and time exposures depending on the setting. This gift model was originally priced at $15.00.

Item consists of an autographic No. 1A Kodak Junior camera. It uses 116 film to make 2.5 x 4.25 inch time or instantaneous exposures. The camera has an achromatic meniscus lens and an aperture scale from f8 to f45.2. The bellows are adjusted to focus an have a pointer on a 6 to 100 feet scale.

Item is a folding camera for use with Zeiss Ikon B2 6x9cm 120 roll film. The camera includes a Carl Zeiss Jena Tessar f3.5, 105mm lens and Compur rapid shutter with speeds from 1 second to 1/400, plus bulb setting.

Item is a folding camera for use with leather carrying strap.

Item is a horizontal folding camera for 2.25" x 3.25" roll film with an "Autographic" feature. This camera uses metal lensboard instead of wooden.

Item is a folding camera with black bellows and brown leatherette covering and strap; for 2.25" x 3.25" exposures on No.A - 120 film. The camera was made by the Canadian Kodak Co. but the ball bearing lens was patented by the Eastman Kodak Co. in 1910 and 1913.

Item is a black folding camera with black bellows for 2.5" x 4.25" exposures on No. A-116 film with a Diomatic No. 1 lens.

Item is a black bellows and leather covered folding camera, for 2.5" x 4.25" exposures on No. A116 Autographic film. The camera features a Kodak Anastigmat f7.7/130 mm lens and a ball bearing shutter.

Item is a black bellows and leather covered folding camera, for 2¼×3¼ " exposures on No. 120 Autographic film. This later model has a shutter with speeds of B, T, 1/25 sec., 1/50 sec.

Item is a black leather covered folding camera for 3 ¼" x 4 ¼" exposures on 118 roll-film. The camera has maroon cloth bellows and brilliant viewfinder.

Item is a black leather-covered folding camera for 3 ¼" x 5 ½" exposures on 122 roll film. The camera has black cloth bellows and brilliant viewfinder. The original sale price of the camera was $50.50 USD.

Series contains simple, snapshot cameras designed for mass public consumption, taking advantage of the new flexible roll film that was developed in 1883. The box camera was a logical follow up from the original simple camera obscuras, often having only one shutter speed, simple lenses with minimal f-stop capabilities and manual winds.

The trend arguably began with George Eastman's in 1888 with the first, amateur, handheld camera, "The Kodak", which came pre-loaded with 100 exposures. After exposure, the entire outfit was returned to the Eastman Kodak company, where the film was developed, prints made and sent back to the customer with the camera, now re-loaded with more film.

Many millions of similar cameras were sold, both high and low end, manufactured by different companies and eventually developing into the modern point-and-shoot camera.

To browse the individual items in this series, click on the "View the list" link under the "File and item records are available for this series" title (to the right of the page).

Item is an eye-level box camera with Bakelite body and rounded edges. Lens is a Meniscus f 14, 65mm and the shutter is single speed, 1/50th.

Item is a mass produced Bakelite camera for 127 film format, designed for Kodak by Walter Dorwin Teague. Simple lens on helical extension tube, only one shutter speed. Collapsible frame viewfinder on top of camera. Red film counter window on back.

Item consists of a No. 2A Brownie box roll film Model C camera. Manufactured by the Canadian Kodak Co. Ltd. between 1930 and 1936. Used No. 116 film. Picture size 2 1/2 x 4 1/4. Has a meniscus lens and rotary shutter. Case removed for loading by releasing two pivoted catches and pulling out winding key.

Item consists of a Kodak No. 2-A Brownie Model B box roll film camera. It used size 116 film and made a picture 6.4x10.8cm. The camera has a leatherette covered card body, a metal film carrier, and two reflecting finders. Case can be removed for loading by releasing 2 pivoted catches and pulling out the winding key. Patented by Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, New York and manufactured by the Canadian Kodak Company Limited in Toronto, Ontario.

Item consists of a red Kodak Duaflex camera. It is an example of the first model of Duaflex cameras, made in Canada. Camera is black and silver with a Kodet lens. It uses 620 roll film and is a pseudo twin lens reflex camera.The style of camera became popular during the 1950s and 1960s to imitate the look of professional TLR cameras, such as the Rolleiflex, but as opposed to a reflex finder with a ground glass indicating the focus, the Kodak Duaflex II has an oversized brilliant finder with a fixed focus.

Item is Brownie No. 2 Model F box camera that used 120 film to make pictures 5.7 x 8.25 cm in size. It has a leatherette covered aluminum body and a simple lens with 3 aperture settings and a rotary shutter.

Item consists of a Kodak Duaflex camera, the first model in a line of four from Kodak. The camera is a 620 roll film pseudo twin-lens reflex manufactured at Eastman Kodak in Rochester New York. The style of camera imitates the look of professional TLR cameras, such as the Rolleiflex, but has an oversized brilliant viewfinder as oppsed to a reflex finder with a ground glass indicating the focus. Camera has a fixed-focus Kodet lens. Oritinally sold for $17.50 in 1947, this model was superceeded by the Duaflex II camera in 1950.

Item is a small hand held box camera with Bakelite body and brilliant viewfinder. For 6 x 6 cm exposures on 620 roll film. One of the best selling Brownie cameras ever made, it is a simple easy to use design created by Eastman Kodak employee Arthur H. Crapsey. The original sales price was $5.50 for the camera alone and $7.00 for the later flash model, released in 1950.

Item consists of a Brownie Holiday Flash camera. It features a Dakon lens and brown bakelite body. Viewfinder camera for use with 127 film.

Item is a small hand held box camera with Bakelite body, brilliant viewfinder and Kodalite Flash-holder attachment. For 6 x 6 cm exposures on 620 roll film. One of the best selling Brownie cameras ever made, it is a simple easy to use design created by Eastman Kodak employee Arthur H. Crapsey. The original sales price was $5.50 for the camera alone and $7.00 for the flash model.

Item is a box camera for 3.25 x 5.50 inch exposures on 125 mm film. It has a meniscus achromatic lens, a rotary shutter with three stops, two tripod sockets, and two brilliant finders. There is a focus lever on the side of the camera to set proper focal distance. After the focus is set, there is a button to press and the camera will open to proper distance focused and ready.

Item is a simple box camera with a leatherette covering, marked as J-B Ensign on the front. The camera uses 2 1/4B (E20) rollfilm for 6x9cm exposures. It has a meniscus lens, a two-speed shutter, and two reflecting type viewfinders.

Item consists of a Premo 4x5 inch plate camera with 1 plate holder within. This camera opens a the top for reloading. It has a [stiff] safety shutter, a two speed shutter, two viewfinders, an adjustable diaphragm, and two tripod sockets. The plate holder has the following writing on it "The Premo Camera Patent July 19, 1890 Other patents pending."

Item is a metal box camera, for 2.25" x 3.25" exposures on 620 film. It was a continuation of the Six-20 Brownie cameras but was renamed Brownie Six-20. The Model D camera features flash contacts.

Item is a metal box camera with red leather covering, for 2.25" x 3.25" exposures on roll film. This camera was manufactured by the Eastman Kodak Company in Toronto, Ontario and is No. 120 of the series.

Item is a box camera with black leather covering, for 3 x 4 cm exposures on 127 film. The name of the manufacturer is imprinted on the front into the leather while the model name of the camera is imprinted on the back. Camera has a Goerz Frontar D.R.P. lens.

Item is an Ansco Cadet 127 roll film camera with flash unit. The design of this camera was made to compete with the Kodak Brownie Star series, including similar three-point flash contacts. The camera features an Anscar Lens and a dial to switch between black and white and colour. The body is black plastic.

Items in this series are photographic devices designed to be inconspicuous, intended for photographers to make candid exposures without the subject being aware. The first detective cameras appeared with the production of commercially available dry plates and designs were simple box camera style constructions. These were, in fact, very similar to standard cameras of the time, but were smaller, handheld and able to make exposures relatively quickly. As smaller, flexible film materials became available, these cameras began to be produced disguised as objects such as pocket watches, ties, books, hats, pens and walking sticks.

To browse the individual items in this series, click on the "View the list" link under the "File and item records are available for this series" title (to the right of the page).

Item is a rollfilm panoramic cameras in which the lens pivots and projects the image to the curved focal plane. The camera uses No. 103 rollfilm to take 3.50 x 12 inch exposures. It has a rapid rectilinear lens and a 142 degree angle. This model is the original model for the Panoram Kodak series and has no door to cover the swinging lens.

This series contains cameras designed to take photographs on flexible film sized smaller than 135 format film (24mm x 36mm). The size of the camera also tended to be very small, and often simply designed. While several companies manufactured high quality miniature cameras (including Minox and Rollei), many others were cheaply made and did not produce relatively poor results.

Film formats for miniature cameras were often priority, created by manufactures for their cameras specifically, and included the following sizes: 10mm x 14xx (16mm film), 13mm x 17mm film (110 film cartridges), 14mm x 14mm (used by "Hit" type cameras), 8mm x 11mm cartridge roll film (Minox), 11mm x 8mm disc film (Kodak).

Miniature cameras gained a reputation as "spy" cameras, and while some of the higher quality ones (including the Minox) were used by government agencies, most were simply for surreptitious, amateur use.

To browse the individual items in this series, click on the "View the list" link under the "File and item records are available for this series" title (to the right of the page).

Item is a sub-miniature camera with an Arokkor f3.5/25 lens and a fixes 1.110 shutter.

Item is a small, Bakelite camera with a frame viewfinder. This was a proprietary camera design, which used No.00, 6 exposure film only made by the Universal Camera Corporation. Norton Camera filed a patent lawsuit filed against the Universal company after the product was released. Norton had been in talks with Universal to produce the camera originally. Universal eventually won the case and purchased the Norton Camera company. The camera originally sold for 39 cents.

Item is a Kiev subminiature uses 16mm film in cassettes. Russian F3.5/23 lens. Comes with a brown leather zippered case, which includes one of the 2 possible filters.

McKoewn Pg.463

Item is marked with the Hanimex brand, though the camera was manufactured by the Vivitar Corporation. It is a 110 format camera with a built-in flash powered by two AA batteries. It has a fixed focus. The photographer can select either a normal or telephoto lens, by using a slide switch on top of the camera.

IItem is a small, flat, hand-held camera with black plastic body and brushed metal, gold-coloured front plate. Intended by Kodak to replace their instamatic line of cameras, the Kodak Disc cameras were designed to be simple to use, with all automatic functions. The camera used Disc film, a proprietary format that made 15, 11 x 8 mm exposures; this small negative size made the resulting prints very grainy when enlarged and, while the camera did well when it was first introduced, it lost populatiry due to the low quality prints it produced. Film in camera, with 4 exposures taken.

Item consists of a Falcon Miniature made in New York by Utility Manufacturing Company. It is a 127 film camera with a half frame viewfinder and a black Bakelite body. It has a Wollensak Minivar 50mm lens with fixed aperture and fixed focus, a one speed (1/25 +B) rotary shutter, a simple optical viewfinder and a spare film compartment.

Item is a subminiature camera with Rokkor F2.8/25mm lens, which used 9mm proprietary cassette film. This model of the Minolta 16 line features a selenium light meter and shutter-priority automatic exposure.

Item is an automatic point and shoot camera for photographs on 110 film. Includes built in lenses, "normal" and "telephoto". Camera has no identifiable manufacturer marking.

Item consists of a Kodak Ektralite 500 camera. It is a 110 cartridge compact viewfinder camera with automatic flash. Black body with hinged cover that can be used as camera grip. Features a Kodak Reomar 22mm lens. Uses 9-volt alkaline battery.

Item is an Instamatic film camera for 13 x 17mm negatives with 110 film cartridges. Features a 26mm, f2.7 Ektar lens and magicube flash shoe. Shutter is an electronic leaf with speeds of 10 seconds to 1/250. This model has a silver body. Original sales price, $28.00.

Item consists of a Yashica Atoron, a subminiature camera with a smooth finish. It uses 8 x 11 mm on 9.5 mm film (Minox cassettes). This camera has a Yashinon f2.8/18mm fixed focus lens with an aperture scale from f2.8 to 16. The shutter has speeds of 45-250, B. There is also a Selenium meter and built-in UV filter. It is also known as the "Revue Mini-star."

Item is a "hit" type novelty camera for 14 x 14 mm exposures on 17.5 mm paper-backed rollfilm.

Item was the official US press photographer's camera. It has a focal plane shutter as well as a front shutter. The lens is Wollensaku 135mm F/4.7 Raptar. The camera has a metal drop bed with two focus knobs. On top is a telescoping sports-finder. This model is a 4 x 5 format.

McKoewn pg. 369

Item is a Graflex Crown Graphic 4 x 5 camera designed for hand held use. This model was a more lightweight version of the Speed Graphic. The camera's serial number is 921216.

Item is a stereo camera for creating two 24 x 24 mm exposures on standard 35mm cartridge film. The camera has a built in sprit level to ensure that ideal stereo effect is achieved. Kodak produced a corresponding Kodaslide Stereo Viewer and proprietary stereo slide holders for viewing images shot with the camera. Lenses are Kodak Anaston F3.5/35mm with a Kodak Flash 200 shutter.

Item is a four-lens, three-dimensional camera developed by Jerry Curtis Nims and Allen Kwok Wah Lo and manufactured in the UK. The camera has a plastic body and 4 identical lenses, coupled with a shutter that exposes the four square images in synch. When exposed, 35mm film was sent to the Nimslo Co. in England and a few other specialty labs. The customer received developed, autostereo (lenticular) colour prints, which allow a true stereo image without the use of glasses. This process was also developed by Nims and Lo.

Item is a brown Kodak Stereo Camera for two 23 x 24 mm exposures on standard 35mm cartridge film. The camera had a built in sprit level to ensure ideal stereo effect was achieved. Kodak produced a corresponding Kodaslide Stereo Viewer and proprietary stereo slide holders for images shot with this camera. Lenses are Kodak Anaston F3.5/35mm with a Kodak Flash 200 shutter. The viewfinder is between the two lenses.

Item is an inexpensive plastic "3-D" stereo camera made by the Coronet Camera Company. The camera has a binocular viewfinder for 4 stereo pairs or 8 single exposures and uses 127 film for 4.5 x 5 cm exposures, featuring a single speed shutter, 1/50, and a twin f11 meniscus fixed-focus lenses.

Item is a stereographic camera for dual exposures on 45x107mm glass plate negatives. This camera is missing the front lens plate and back plate, which were removable for the camera to function as a stereoscopic viewer as well.

Series contains single lens reflex, or simply reflex, cameras. This deign used a mirror at a 45 degree angle to allow the photographer to look through the lens when composing the photograph, therefore seeing exactly what will appear on the film. Brilliant and sports style viewfinders only alllowed an approximation of the image alignment.

To browse the individual items in this series, click on the "View the list" link under the "File and item records are available for this series" title (to the right of the page).

Item is an 35mm reflex camera with a waist-level viewfinder and a non auto-return mirror. Manufactured in Soviet controlled East Germany, the company and the Desden factory closed after reunification. The lens is a Meyer Gorlitz Domiplan 1:2.8/50mm.

Item is a professional medium format single lens reflex camera for 6 x 7 cm images on 120 or 220 roll film. This camera has a design similar to a 35mm camera with interchangeable Takumar lenses and range finders. It has a Penta Prism viewfinder, a wooden handle and a Takumar 6 x 7 1 :3.5 55 mm wide angle lens.

Item is a single lens reflex camera manufactured by the Ihagee company in Dresden for producing 8 4 x 6.5 cm exposures on 127 roll film. This model was developed alongside the Exakta model A (first appearing in 1933) and has a similar trapezoid design, with a larger shutter speed range: from 12 seconds to 1/1000th of a second, and standard vacuum flash connections. The B series had seven models. Lens is a Carl Zeiss Jena Nr.1640422 Tessar, 1:2.8 f 7.5. Ihagee's Dresden factory was destroyed in the WWII bombing of Dresden in 1945.